Neither the modified Bingham model nor the Herschel–Bulkley model can be used to characterize and calculate the performance of shear thickening of highly flowable mortar because of their incalculability of the rheological parameters. A new exponential rheological model was established to solve the characterization and calculation of shear thickening of the lubrication layer (highly flowable mortar) during the pumping of concrete in this paper. This new exponential rheological model has three rheological parameters, namely, yield stress, consistency coefficient, and consistency exponent. They can quantitatively describe the yield stress, differential viscosity, and shear thickening degree of highly flowable mortar. The calculating results of the rheological parameters of the newly established model for the mortars with different compositions showed that the consistency exponent of mortar decreased with the increase of its sand-binder ratio or the dosage of fly ash in the binder. This indicates that the shear thickening degree of mortar decreases. The consistency exponent of mortar initially decreases and subsequently increases with the increase in silica fume content or the dosage of the superplasticizer. It illustrates that the degree of the shear thickening of mortar initially decreased and subsequently increased. These varying patterns were confirmed by the rheological experiment of mortars.
The massive accumulation of industrial solid wastes such as circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFA), silicon-calcium slag (SCS), and desulfurization gypsum (FGD) occupy land resources and bring varying degrees of pollution to soil, water, and atmosphere. Unburned brick is a new construction material prepared from industrial waste residues such as fly ash and tailings without high-temperature calcination. It has excellent potential in consuming large quantities of industrial solid waste. In this paper, 70% of CFA and 30% of SCS are used as the primary raw materials, and the FGD is used as the activator to prepare unburned bricks by static pressure forming. The mechanical properties of the specimens at different curing ages were tested by compressive strength test. The hydration mechanism and microstructure of unburned brick were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), thermogravimetric (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results show that the compressive strength of the specimen increases first and then decreases with the increase of FGD content, and the compressive strength reaches the maximum when the FGD content is 5%. The microscopic test results show that the presence of FGD promoted a higher degree of CFA and SCS dissolution, increasing ettringite formation, which is responsible for strength increase, but extreme doses of FGD resulted in strength degradation. Meanwhile, the higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratio confirms the simultaneous formation of hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel and hydrated calcium aluminosilicate (C-A-S-H) gel within the hydrated product, while a low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio confirms the simultaneous formation of ettringite.
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