Laccase, as a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase, primarily functions in the process of lignin, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and various abiotic/biotic stresses. In this study, forty-eight laccase members were identified in the eggplant genome. Only forty-two laccase genes from eggplant (SmLACs) were anchored unevenly in 12 chromosomes, the other six SmLACs were mapped on unanchored scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that only twenty-five SmLACs were divided into six different groups on the basis of groups reported in Arabidopsis. Gene structure analysis revealed that the number of exons ranged from one to 13. Motif analysis revealed that SmLACs included six conserved motifs. In aspects of gene duplication analysis, twenty-one SmLACs were collinear with LAC genes from Arabidopsis, tomato or rice. Cis-regulatory elements analysis indicated many SmLACs may be involved in eggplant morphogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, diverse stresses and growth/development processes. Expression analysis further confirmed that a few SmLACs may function in vegetative and reproductive organs at different developmental stages and also in response to one or multiple stresses. This study would help to further understand and enrich the physiological function of the SmLAC gene family in eggplant, and may provide high-quality genetic resources for eggplant genetics and breeding.
Optical sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings have become an important type of sensing element for strain measurements. In this study, fiber Bragg grating strain sensors and corresponding reference temperature sensors were integrated into a pantograph strip. The results of an online test indicated that the temperature of the pantograph strip impacting the strain measurement reaches about 80 ℃ while the vehicle was running. In addition, Fourier analysis showed that the energies of the temperature measurement signals dominated the relatively low-frequency band (less than 0.02 Hz), whereas the strain signals prevailed in the relatively high-frequency band. Thus, a novel method based on a digital filtering technique was proposed for temperature compensation in fiber Bragg grating sensor systems for monitoring the conditions in electrified pantograph–catenary systems. A Butterworth high-pass filter was designed to reject the temperature-related signal component with a stopband and to capture the real strain in the passband in frequency domain. To achieve this filtering, the cutoff frequencies and the filter order were calculated adaptively according to the frequency-domain characteristics of the measured temperature signal. With the designed filter, the temperature effect to the strain signals can be eliminated so that the strain can be estimated accurately. In comparison with the traditional temperature compensation technique, the proposed method is more effective in terms of estimating the real strain of the pantograph strip in practical applications. Compensated by the proposed method, the time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of the contact force denote the frequencies corresponding to the support span, and the dropper can be distinguished. Further, the first-order (4 Hz) and second-order (8.3 Hz) natural frequencies of the pantograph are visible in the measurements from catenary sections, which demonstrates the sufficiency and rationality of the proposed temperature compensation method for fiber Bragg grating sensor systems.
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