Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. With repeat infections throughout life, it can also cause substantial disease in the elderly and in adults with compromised cardiac, pulmonary and immune systems. RSV is a pleomorphic enveloped RNA virus in the Pneumoviridae family. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of purified RSV particles has been elucidated, revealing three distinct morphological categories: spherical, asymmetric, and filamentous. However, the native 3D structure of RSV particles associated with or released from infected cells has yet to be investigated. In this study, we have established an optimized system for studying RSV structure by imaging RSV-infected cells on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Our results demonstrate that RSV is filamentous across several virus strains and cell lines by cryo-ET, cryo-immuno EM, and thin section TEM techniques. The viral filament length varies from 0.5 to 12 μm and the average filament diameter is approximately 130 nm. Taking advantage of the whole cell tomography technique, we have resolved various stages of RSV assembly. Collectively, our results can facilitate the understanding of viral morphogenesis in RSV and other pleomorphic enveloped viruses.
The depletion of fossil fuels and rapidly increasing
environmental
concerns have urgently called for the utilization of clean and sustainable
sources for future energy supplies. Hydrogen (H2) is recognized
as a prioritized green resource with little environmental impact to
replace traditional fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting
has become an important method for large-scale green production of
hydrogen. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the cathodic half-reaction
of water splitting that can be promoted to produce pure H2 in large quantities by active electrocatalysts. However, the unsatisfactory
performance of HER electrocatalysts cannot follow the extensive requirements
of industrial-scale applications, including working efficiently and
stably over long periods of time at high current densities (⩾1000
mA cm–2). In this review, we study the crucial issues
when electrocatalysts work at high current densities and summarize
several categories of strategies for the design of high-performance
HER electrocatalysts. We also discuss the future challenges and opportunities
for the development of HER catalysts.
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