A heat-exchanger/reactor (HEX reactor) is a kind of plug-flow chemical reactor which combines high heat transfer ability and chemical performance. It is a compact reactor designed under the popular trend of process intensification in chemical engineering. Previous studies have investigated its characteristics experimentally. This paper aimed to develop a general numerical model of the HEX reactor for further control and diagnostic use. To achieve this, physical structure and hydrodynamic and thermal performance were studied. A typical exothermic reaction, which was used in experiments, is modeled in detail. Some of the experimental data without reaction were used for estimating the heat transfer coefficient by genetic algorithm. Finally, a non-linear numerical model of 255 calculating modules was developed on the Matlab/Simulink platform. Simulations of this model were done under conditions with and without chemical reactions. Results were compared with reserved experimental data to show its validity and accuracy. Thus, further research such as fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of this HEX reactor could be carried out based on this model. The modeling methodology specified in this paper is not restricted, and could also be used for other reactions and other sizes of HEX reactors.Processes 2019, 7, 454 2 of 20 essential to completely understand the dynamic characteristics of a new piece of equipment in terms of process safety [8,22] and further control. Like most cases, a cell-based model was used in this paper, i.e., each cell is modeled by means of energy and mass balances [23][24][25][26][27]. The aim of this paper was to implement the concept of general modeling and validate it on a particular intensified HEX reactor which has already been studied at LGC (Laboratoire de Génie Chimique) [9]. During modeling, the thermal and hydrodynamic performances of the pilot under the condition of a chemical reaction which brings highly non-linear features were investigated. Once the detailed model is set up and validated, further research, for example on optimal control, adaptive control, fault diagnosis, and fault tolerant control could be carried out on it.The first part of this paper gives a brief description of the specific intensified HEX reactor. After that, mathematical equations, as well as model structure, are presented according to different parts of the pilot. In addition, parameters which were used to identify the heat transfer coefficient are identified using a genetic algorithm with some of the experimental data. Simulations were carried out in order to investigate the performance of the model. Considering the different aspects involved in the model (hydrodynamic, heat transfer, and reaction), the validation study was conducted in two parts: experiments with water and experiments with the highly exothermic reaction of sodium thiosulfate oxidation. Finally, the results of simulations and real experiments are compared in order to demonstrate the relevance and precision of the developed model.

This paper describes an application of a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme for an intensified Heat-exchanger (HEX)/Reactor, where the exothermic chemical reaction of sodium thiosulfate oxidation by hydrogen peroxide is performed. To achieve this, precise estimation of all states of HEX/Reactor, including temperatures and concentrations of different reactants, as well as process fault detection and isolation is completed by a high gain observer. Then, process fault identification is achieved by several banks of interval filters. Finally, an intensified HEX/reactor is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Simulation results are shown to illustrate the performance of the algorithm presented.

In response to the call of the state to support the transformation and upgrading of traditional enterprises, major real estate enterprises have changed from simple suppliers of construction products to “products + services” suppliers. Construction servitization activities tend to be standardized, specialized and large-scale. This paper used probability theory to explain the inevitability and stability of construction servitization enterprises, recommended the influencing factors of construction servitization enterprises in construction industry through model, and put forward directional suggestions for the future development of construction servitization enterprises.

The heat-exchanger/reactor (HEX reactor) is a kind of plug-flow chemical reactor which combines high heat transfer ability with good chemical performances. It was designed under the popular trend of process intensification in chemical engineering. Previous studies have investigated its characteristics and developed its nominal model. This paper is concerned with its fault tolerant control (FTC) applications. To avoid the difficulties and nonlinearities of this HEX reactor under chemical reactions, a two-layer, multiple-model structure is proposed for designing the FTC scheme. The first layer focuses on representing the nonlinear system with a bank of local linear models while the second layer uses model banks for approaching faulty situations. Model banks are achieved by system identification, and the corresponding controller banks are designed using model predictive control (MPC). The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is introduced to estimate the states and form the fault detection and isolation (FDI) section. Finally, the FTC simulation and validation results are presented. The idea of a two-layer, multiple-model structure presents a general framework for FTC design of complex and highly nonlinear systems, such as the HEX reactor, whose mathematical model has been created. It implements the design process in an unusual way and is also worth trying on other cases.

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