In order to realize high efficient magnetization switching in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), several potential mechanisms have been realized as the interplay effect to MTJ device, such as the interaction between spin orbit torque-spin transfer torque (STT) and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA)-STT. The interplay mechanisms have been experimentally explored with improved switching energy efficiency comparing with traditional STT method. Considering the requirement of mixed-precision memory, we propose a novel write-only in-memory computing paradigm based on interplay bitwise operation in two terminal or three terminal MRAM bit-cell, which aims to reduce the layout overhead of peripheral computing circuits, as well as to eliminate read decision failure in the procedure of in-memory computing. Specifically, the proposed write-only bitwise in-memory computing is demonstrated with OR, AND, XOR, full adder operations. Four nonvolatile approximate full adders (AxFAs) are proposed and implemented in different MRAM bit-cells. The AxFAs can be easily reconfigured into memory units with simple connections. Image processing applications are used to demonstrate the inmemory computing, include FA, XOR operation. Comparing with traditional sensing based approach, more than 80% energy reduction is obtained using the proposed interplay writing-only in memory computing with approximation setup. A 61.4% energy reduction is achieved using VCMA mechanism interaction based XOR functions.
IntroductionIntermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a novel mode of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has curative effects on patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). However, whether iTBS will be more applicable in clinical use than conventional high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is unknown. Our study aims to compare the difference in effect between iTBS and rTMS in treating PSCI based on a randomized controlled trial, as well as to determine its safety and tolerability, and to further explore the underlying neural mechanism.MethodsThe study protocol is designed as a single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Forty patients with PSCI will be randomly assigned to two different TMS groups, one with iTBS and the other with 5 Hz rTMS. Neuropsychological evaluation, activities of daily living, and resting electroencephalography will be conducted before treatment, immediately post-treatment, and 1 month after iTBS/rTMS stimulation. The primary outcome is the change in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA-BJ) score from baseline to the end of the intervention (D11). The secondary outcomes comprise changes in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) indexes from baseline to the end of the intervention (D11) as well as the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the symbol digit modality test, the Digital Span Test findings, and the MoCA-BJ scores from baseline to endpoint (W6).DiscussionIn this study, the effects of iTBS and rTMS will be evaluated using cognitive function scales in patients with PSCI as well as data from resting EEG, which allows for an in-depth exploration of underlying neural oscillations. In the future, these results may contribute to the application of iTBS for cognitive rehabilitation of patients with PSCI.
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