This work derives an incompressible variational multiscales time-averagedNavier-Stokes (NS) formulation that aims at obtaining accurate steady state solutions. Rather than using the standard time instantaneous velocity and pressure, the new formulation devises a time averaging procedure based on rewriting and solving the NS equations in terms of the newly defined time-averaged velocity and pressure. Hence, the method could be understood as a convenient change of variable so that the problem is rewritten directly in terms of the steady state quantities. The important advantage of such a point of view is that it can in principle be applied to any other formulation. Such time averaging procedure is complemented by two time step modification strategies in order to accelerate the convergence to the steady state. The guidelines of an integrated framework are presented in the article, starting with the description of the proposed numerical technique applied to general incompressible flows. The explanation is enhanced with a one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear oscillator example. Several results are presented concerning analytical benchmarks, simulation of flows in laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes with and without an inherently steady solution. K E Y W O R D Scomputational fluid dynamics, finite element method, Navier-Stokes, steady state, time-averaged, variational multiscale method This project was conducted in cooperation with International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE).This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
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