Total 246 lines from southern China were subjected to treatments under natural conditions for 4 years and artificial aging under high temperature (45°C) and high humidity (95% RH) for 5 days. Seed vigor measured by the germination rate (GR), normal seedling rate (NSR), full seedling length (FSL), seedling shoot length (SSL) and seedling root length (SRL). The significant decrease was observed in the five traits with high heritability and variation. Correlation coefficients among the five traits were highly significant (r>0.700), and significant correlation of these indicators between two treatments was also found with the highest r values of 0.405 for GR. Only seed protein content had weak significant positive correlation with FSL and SSL. According to the grading standard, there were five categories: high tolerance, tolerance, middle tolerance, sensitivity and high sensitivity. 12 lines with good tolerance level were identified, and will be utilized in future breeding programs to improve seed longevity in soybean.
The study explored sex differences in traditional school bullying perpetration and victimization among Chinese adolescents and the effects of Machiavellianism and school climate. Data were collected from 727 adolescents (M = 16.8 years, SD = 0.9) who completed the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Kiddie Machiavellian Scale, and School Climate Perception Questionnaire. Results showed: (1) boys were more likely to bully others and be bullied; (2) both Machiavellianism and school climate partially mediated sex differences in school bullying perpetration and victimization; (3) the chain-mediating effect of Machiavellianism and school climate on sex differences in bullying perpetration and victimization was significant. These results provide insight into the sex differences in Chinese traditional school bullying perpetration and victimization. The implications are interpreted and discussed.
Key message Four major quantitative trait loci for 100-seed weight were identified in a soybean RIL population under five environments, and the most likely candidate genes underlying these loci were identified. Abstract Seed weight is an important target of soybean breeding. However, the genes underlying the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed weight remain largely unknown. In this study, a soybean population of 300 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between PI595843 (PI) and WH was used to map the QTL and identify candidate genes for seed weight. The RIL population was genotyped through whole genome resequencing, and phenotyped for 100-seed weight under five environments. A total of 38 QTL were detected, and four major QTL, each explained at least 10% of the variation in 100-seed weight, were identified. Six candidate genes within these four major QTL regions were identified by analyses of their tissue expression patterns, gene annotations, and differential gene expression levels in soybean seeds during four developmental stages between two parental lines. Further sequence variation analyses revealed a C to T substitution in the first exon of the Glyma.19G143300, resulting in an amino acid change between PI and WH, and thus leading to a different predicted kinase domain, which might affect its protein function. Glyma.19G143300 is highly expressed in soybean seeds and encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK). Its predicted protein has typical domains of LRR-RLK family, and phylogenetic analyses reveled its similarity with the known LRR-RLK protein XIAO (LOC_Os04g48760), which is involved in controlling seed size. The major QTL and candidate genes identified in this study provide useful information for molecular breeding of new soybean cultivars with desirable seed weight.
The clam Cyclina sinensis is one of the important economical aquaculture shellfish in China. However, the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in C. sinensis have not been fully studied. In this study, full-length cDNAs of DMRT3 and FOXL2 were cloned and functionally characterized. The ORF region of CsDMRT3 consists of 1137 nucleotides, which encode 378 amino acids contains a conserved DM domain of DMRT family. The ORF region of CsFOXL2 is 1245 bp, encodes 414 amino acids, and contains a conserved FH domain. Tissue-specific expression results showed that the higher expression level of CsDMRT3 and CsFOXL2 was found in the ovary and testis of C. sinensis. The expression levels of CsDMRT3 and CsFOXL2 also peaked at the maturation stage of male and female gonadal development, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of CsDMRT3 and CsFOXL2 were significantly higher in the trochophore and D-larval stages than in other stages. The transcript levels of CsDMRT3 reached the highest level at 11 months of age, while the CsFOXL2 reached the highest level at 7 months of age. In estradiol-treated experiments, the expression levels of CsDMRT3 and CsFOXL2 in the gonads were highest at 5 µg/L estradiol treatment, and histologically, it was observed that the oocytes diameters became larger with increasing estradiol concentration. These results suggest that CsDMRT3 and CsFOXL2 play an important role in gonadal development and sex differentiation of C. sinensis.
To cope with the problem that the setting time and hardening time of high-belite sulphoaluminate cement (HBCSA) is too fast and not easily controlled, three common retarders, citric acid (CA), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and borax (B), were selected and compounded with polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE). Based on the cement slurry fluidity, fluidity loss, setting time, and mechanical properties of cement mortar, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Zeta potential tests, the interaction and mechanism of different retarders and high-belite sulphoaluminate cement were studied. The results show that β-CD and CA can significantly delay the hydration process of HBCSA cement, effectively improve the fluidity loss, and make the dispersion more stable, but the strength of cement mortar decreases, which is not conducive to the development of strength. However, the addition of B has no obvious retarding effect on the HBCSA cement, and the dispersibility of the cement paste decreases. In microscopic tests, XRD and SEM tests verified that the combination of retarder and PCE had a certain inhibitory effect on the early hydration of HBCSA, and the zeta potential indicated that the addition of retarder would interact with PCE to improve the fluidity loss of HBCSA. In addition, when the retarders CA and B were, respectively, compounded with β-CD, the two would have a synergistic effect. The retardation effect is more obvious, and the time interval between the initial and final setting is shorter, which is more controllable. The initial fluidity is also improved under the auxiliary plasticization of cement paste by β-CD.
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