Conducting electrochemical organic synthesis in/on whole water media is undoubtedly a highly green approach, which avoids the usage of organic solvents, and sometimes organic supporting electrolytes. In this review, the electrochemical organic syntheses in/on whole water environment are reviewed, especially including the reactions conducted both in organic solvent and water for comparisons. This review discussed anodic and cathodic reaction, respectively, including the C−H oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenative cross coupling, functionalization of alkenes, cathodic oxidation, hydrogenation, reductive cross coupling, and so on. As the reduction of CO2, conversion biomass, and waste water disposal are frequently performed in water, and have already been reviewed recently. These topics are not included in this review.
A stepwise strategy of mediator-free amperometric biosensor for the detection of catechol was developed based on the covalent bonding of tyrosinase (TYR) onto thionine (TN)-electrodeposited glassy carbon (GC) surface via glutaraldehyde (GA). Prior to the TYR-immobilization, poly(thionine) was prepared on a GC electrode surface by an electrooxidative polymerization of thionine. The TYR/GA/pTN modified electrode was evaluated by SEM and EIS measurements. The terminal amino groups (-NH 2 ) which electrodeposited on the GC surface were cross-linked with protein lysine group (or cysteine group) by GA. The resulting TYR/GA/pTN-immobilized GCE was utilized as a working electrode unit of a catechol-detect biosensor. Catechol was used as model analyte for the evaluation of catecholase activity, and the signal based on the electro-reduction of the enzymatically produced o-quinone species were monitored at −0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The resulting TYR/GA/pTN/GCE biosensor exhibited rapid and sensitive response to catechol (100% response time: ≈5 s, sensitivity: 5.04 µA/mM, detection limit: 6.0 µM. The TYR/GA/ pTN/GCE retained 71% of original activity for catechol oxidation after 1 month storage.
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