As a supplement to face-to-face teaching, small private online courses (SPOCs) have become increasingly popular in higher education. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on behavioral patterns in the university SPOC. This empirical study investigates the behavioral patterns of 306 undergraduate students taking a degree course partially taught through a university learning platform. Results suggested that task-oriented behaviors accounted for most of the online learning processes. The login behavior was the most significantly correlated with learning outcomes, followed by student engagement with learning activities. The authors found that students' engagement levels had a statistically significant impact on their learning outcomes. Additionally, the high-achieving group demonstrated higher activity levels in performance- and objective-driven activities. The low-achieving group encountered some difficulties in self-regulated learning.

Educational technology is a new subject that integrates the merits of multiple disciplines. Under the trend of interdisciplinary integration, it is very meaningful to explore the knowledge exchange between disciplines, clarify the structure of each discipline, and thus promote the development of educational technology. Extracting data from eight core journals on educational technology, this paper investigates the integration between educational technology and other disciplines from the perspectives of references and citations. The disciplines were divided by the standard of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The results show that: educational technology has a stable disciplinary structure, featuring a high self-citation rate (i.e. the tendency to cite the literature within the discipline); educational technology has frequent knowledge exchanges with pedagogy-related disciplines, and exerts a major impact on the other secondary disciplines of pedagogy; educational technology actively absorbs the knowledge of other disciplines, and communicates frequently with external disciplines like psychology, computer science, library and information science.

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The purpose of this study is to provide references for researchers in the fields of educational technology (ET) and other sciences such as natural science, humanities and social sciences in their cross-integration research, and then promote interdisciplinary research and development of ET. To this end, this paper, based on the literature on Web of Science and related data in different subject category, applies the literature metrology and visualization technology of mapping knowledge domains, and then deeply reveals the interdisciplinary development of international ET from a multi-dimensional perspective. The study found that "computer science in interdisciplinary applications" are most closely related to the ET, with the longest interdisciplinary time. In addition, the knowledge source of ET is extensively covered, and its knowledge source discipline is far more than its own application field. Thus, it is necessary for ET to discover the characteristics of computer-related disciplines in terms of application methods and application fields and further improve its application range.

The increase of planting density is a dominant approach for the higher yield of maize. However, the stalks of some varieties are prone to lodging under high density conditions. Much research has been done on the evaluation of maize lodging resistance. But there are few comprehensive reports on the determination of maize lodging resistance in situ without injury under field conditions. This study introduces a non-destructive in situ tester to determine the lodging resistance of the different maize varieties in the field. The force value can be obtained by pulling the stalk to different angles with this instrument, which is used to evaluate the lodging resistance of maize varieties. From 2018 to 2020, a total of 1,172 sample plants from 113 maize varieties were tested for the lodging resistance of plants. The statistical results show that the values of force on maize plants at 45° inclination angles (F45) are appropriate to characterize maize lodging resistance in situ by nondestructive testing in the field. According to the F45 value, the maximum lodging resistance Fmax can be inferred. The formula is: Fmax =1.1354 F45 – 0.3358. The evaluation results of lodging resistance of different varieties of this study are basically consistent with the test results of three-point bending method, moving wind tunnel and other methods. Therefore, the F45 value is the optimal index for nondestructive evaluation of maize stalk-lodging resistance under the field-planting conditions.

Home-based online learning is a typical application of personal learning environment. Understanding the adaptability and characteristics of college students in the personal learning environment (PLE) can effectively tap the potential of online courses and provide valuable references for learners' online and lifelong learning. In this single-group study, 80 college students received a 90-min selfregulated learning training. In pre-and post-class evaluations, media multi-tasking self-efficacy, perceived attention problems, self-regulation strategies and learning satisfaction are used as key variables in online learning to assess their personal learning environment adaptability and characteristics. Using descriptive statistics and one-dimensional intra-group variance to analyze the data, it was found that: Learners have a moderate degree of attention deficit in their personal learning environment, which is manifested in three aspects: perceived attention discontinuity, lingering thought, social media notification.; Under simple training or natural conditions, students have poor adaptability in the personal learning environment, and their behavior perception and behavior adjustment levels have improved, but they have not yet reached expectations; Participation in online learning has significantly increased the application of learners' self-regulation strategies, especially the application of behavior strategies.

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