Declining fertility in China has raised concerns about elderly support, especially when public support is inadequate. Using rich information from the nationally representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) baseline survey, we describe the patterns of current living arrangements of the Chinese elderly and investigate their determinants and correlation with intergenerational transfers. We find that roughly 41% of Chinese aged 60 and over live with an adult child; living with a male adult child being strongly preferred. However another 34% have an adult child living in the same immediate neighborhood and 14% in the same county; only 5% have an adult child with none of them living in the same county. At the same time, a large fraction of the elderly, 45% in our sample, live alone or with only a spouse. In general, women, those from western provinces, and those from rural areas are more likely to live with or close to their adult children than their corresponding counterparts, but different types of intergenerational transfers play a supplementary role in the unequal distribution of living arrangements. Among non-co-resident children, those living close by visit their parents more frequently and have more communications by other means. In contrast, children who live farther away are more likely to send financial and in-kind transfers and send larger amounts.

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Subduction is a crucial part of the long-term water and carbon cycling between Earth's exosphere and interior. However, there is broad disagreement over how much water and carbon is liberated from subducting slabs to the mantle wedge and transported to island-arc volcanoes. In the Tian et al. (2019) Part I, we parameterize the metamorphic reactions involving H 2 O and CO 2 for representative subducting lithologies. On this basis, a two-dimensional reactive transport model is constructed in this Part II. We assess the various controlling factors of CO 2 and H 2 O release from subducting slabs. Model results show that up-slab fluid flow directions produce a flux peak of CO 2 and H 2 O at subarc depths. Moreover, infiltration of H 2 O-rich fluids sourced from hydrated slab mantle enhances decarbonation or carbonation at lithological interfaces, increases slab surface fluxes, and redistributes CO 2 from basalt and gabbro layers to the overlying sedimentary layer. As a result, removal of the cap sediments (by diapirism or off-scraping) leads to elevated slab surface CO 2 and H 2 O fluxes. The modeled subduction efficiency (the percentage of initially subducted volatiles retained until ∼200 km deep) of H 2 O and CO 2 is increased by open-system effects due to fractionation within the interior of lithological layers.