P Pu ur rp po os se e: : We report the use of the alpha 2 agonist, dexmedetomidine, with low-dose ketamine as a safe and effective treatment strategy to provide adequate comfort and sedation for a patient who fulfilled criteria of a difficult airway and required awake fibreoptic intubation (AFOI).C Cl li in ni ic ca al l f fe ea at tu ur re es s: : A 52-yr-old male with prostate cancer presented for radical prostatectomy. He reported several failed intubations with previous surgeries and airway examination was consistent with a difficult intubation. In addition, previous fibreoptic intubations were unsuccessful. The patient reported extreme apprehension concerning his airway management.The goal of medicating patients for AFOI includes providing comfort and sedation without causing a change in ventilatory status. Dexmedetomidine has a high affinity for the alpha 2 receptor and results in sedation without change in ventilatory status. In addition, dexmedetomidine is a potent anti-sialgogue which makes it desirable for cases involved with airway instrumentation. A loading dose of dexmedetomidine followed by a continuous infusion provided comfort and sedation within ten minutes. While bradycardia and hypotension have been reported with dexmedetomidine use, concurrent low-dose ketamine was employed in this case for it's cardiostimulatory properties and no bradycardia and hypotension were noted. The airway was anesthetized with selective nerve blocks and conditions for airway instrumentation were excellent. There was no change in oxygen saturation or ventilatory status during the administration of medications or airway manipulation. The patient was comfortable, sedated and tolerated the procedures well. There was no recall of the procedure.C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Dexmedetomidine and concurrent low-dose ketamine provided sedation and comfort to this patient who required an AFOI.
des difficultés d'intubation prévisibles et la nécessité d'une intubation fibroscopique vigile (IFV).
Éléments cliniques : Un homme de 52 ans, atteint d'un cancer de la prostate, a été admis pour une prostatectomie radicale. La mention d'intubations impossibles lors d'interventions chirurgicales antérieures concordait avec l'examen des voies aériennes qui laissait prévoir des difficultés d'intubation. Des intubations fibroscopiques précédentes avaient aussi échoué. Le patient s'est dit très inquiet de subir une intubation. La médication qui accompagne l'IFV vise le confort et la sédation sans
The genetic variant of the COMT rs4680 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with variability in opioid consumption in postoperative nephrectomy patients. The COMT rs4818 polymorphism may prove useful in predicting emesis medication use postoperatively.
The pervasiveness of opioid-associated side effects and concerns related to tolerance, dependence, and addiction present potential barriers to the approval and use of opioids for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. The lower incidence of opioid-associated adverse events and possibly fewer withdrawal symptoms, combined with a satisfactory analgesic profile associated with tapentadol, suggest its potential utility for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. This review will focus on the incidence of opioid-related side effects and barriers to opioid therapy that are available as English-language articles in the MEDLINE index, and as such, it is a representative but not an exhaustive review of the current literature.
A B S T R A C TBackground. Endogenous morphine-like compounds have been identified in humans and are released in response to stress. Human monocytes and granulocytes express the m opiate receptor, m3, which is morphine selective but opiate peptide insensitive. Recent studies have shown that CYP2D6 acts at critical steps for endogenous morphine biosynthesis. We theorized that ultrarapid (UM) CYP2D6 metabolizers may have an enhancement of their endogenous pain modulating mechanisms.Methods. After institutional review board approval, a previously developed surgical patient database was evaluated for information concerning CYP2D6 genotypes and morphine consumption. One hundred forty-two patients were found to have adequate information to be included in this current analysis. The study group was divided, based on morphine consumption, into two subgroups: low morphine consumers (LMC) (Յ10 mg/4 h, N = 80) and high morphine consumers (HMC) (>10 mg/4 h, N = 62). DNA was extracted from blood in all patients and was genotyped by the Amplichip (Roche, Pleasanton, CA) to determine the specific CYP2D6 genotypes.Results. CYP2D6 UM were found to occur more frequently in the LMC group than in the HMC group (8/80 vs 0/62, P = 0.0091). No significant differences were noted for the poor, intermediate, or extensive metabolizers.
Conclusions.Our current results suggest that CYP2D6 UM appear to require less morphine in the acute postoperative period compared with other CYP2D6 metabolizer groups. One possible mechanism for this observation is that CYP2D6 UM may have higher efficiency in synthesizing endogenous morphine compared with other metabolizers, thus increasing endogenous pain modulation and reducing the need for exogenous morphine.
Despite their association with multiple adverse effects, opioid prescription continues to increase. Opioid-induced hallucination is an uncommon yet significant adverse effect of opioid treatment. The practitioner may encounter patient reluctance to volunteer the occurrence of this phenomenon because of fears of being judged mentally unsound. The majority of the literature concerning opioid-induced hallucinations arises from treatment during end-of-life care and cancer pain. Because the rate of opioid prescriptions continues to increase in the population, the rate of opioid-associated hallucinations may also conceivably increase. With a forecasted increase in the patient-to-physician ratio, opioid therapy is predicted to be provided by practitioners of varying backgrounds and medical specialties. Hence, knowledge of the pharmacology and potential adverse effects of these agents is required. This review seeks to increase awareness of this potential complication through a discussion of the literature, potential mechanisms of action, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
This study demonstrated that female patients possessing the PM genotype of CYP2D6 and patients who smoke had a higher incidence of acute severe postoperative pain.
Our results demonstrate an association between the ABCB1 polymorphism (C3435T) and interindividual variations in opioid consumption in the acute postoperative period after nephrectomy. The ABCB1 polymorphism may serve as an important factor to guide acute pain therapy in postoperative patients.
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