Urban furniture is a multifaceted object shaped by several factors such as user needs, social structure, urban pattern, geographical characteristics, economy, technology, and material. As an interface connecting user to the city, urban furniture contributes to the construction of an urban identity, have placemaking power and support public activities. Although the urban furniture is subject to design in different disciplines, multidisciplinary studies to urban furniture design are very limited and the definition and range of urban furniture is not clear. Buildings such as kiosks are evaluated as urban furniture by decision makers such as municipalities who mostly expect design alternatives without defining clear design expectations or evaluation criteria. This research proposes a multidisciplinary model to urban furniture design as an analytical design method. The proposed model has three stages before furniture design: "defining and evaluating design criteria", "Classification of urban furniture based on the criteria scores" and "Creating urban furniture design matrix combining criteria evaluation, furniture clusters, local characteristics, and summarize design concept, keywords, form and material characteristics for furniture design". Based on this model, a design matrix for Ordu city is prepared and one of urban furniture design example is presented here. 10 main and 84 sub-criteria graded based on 30 furniture types via interdisciplinary workshop with 16 professional participants. This research reveals that differences in the urban furniture design approaches and evaluation criteria of different disciplines exist. The proposed model integrates multi-disciplinary approach, local characteristics, furniture clusters which is a new classification based on criteria scores.
The main purpose of this study is to introduce the spaces cs λ , cs λ 0 and bs λ which are BK−spaces of non-absolute type. We prove that these spaces are linearly isomorphic to the spaces cs, cs 0 and bs, respectively and derive some inclusion relations. Additionally, their Schauder bases have been constructed and the α−, β− and γ− duals of these spaces have been computed. Finally, we characterize some matrix classes from the spaces cs λ , cs λ 0 and bs λ to spaces ℓp, c and c 0 , where 1 p ∞ .2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 40C05,40H05,46A45. Key words and phrases. λ spaces, matrix domain of a sequence space, α, β and γ duals, matrix mappings, the series spaces cs and bs.
Objective: The issue of human boundaries (political borders) vs. the natural boundaries (ecotones) has been controversial in recent studies. The political borders have negatively impacted the ecology and resulted in ecological and spatial fragmentation and biodiversity reduction in a country like Iran. The work aims to find a practical way to mitigate the environmental problems in the borderlands of Iran. This article evaluates the effect of creating a "Transboundary Conserved Area" or "Peace Park" in Iran with the purpose of ecological conservation. Material and Methods:This article attempts to explain the structures and functions of ecotones and natural boundaries. To search for a feasible solution to protect the ecologically unique zones over the political borders of Iran, this article discusses whether human boundaries can act as a natural boundary and reduce its ecological effects. Therefore, five common characteristics of natural and human borders, including location and size, origination, form, function, and stability over time, are explained and compared.Results: By analyzing the political borders of Iran, it shows that Iran needs different protected zones in most of its borderlands, and the idea of the "Transboundary Conserved Area" may not be possible due to the current complicated political matters over the borderlands. Conclusion:The human boundaries should be flexible with the changes in their surrounding nature; they should be in tune with the current geographical structures and maintain ecological connectively and seasonal animal migrations. ÖZAmaç: İnsani sınırlarını (Siyasi sınırlar) doğal sınırlarla karşılaştırılması son yıllardaki yapılan çalışmalarda tartışılan konulardan birisi olmuştur. Siyasi sınırlar ekolojiyi olumsuz yönde stkilemiştir ve İran gibi bir ülkede ekolojik ve mekansal parçalanmaya ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada İran sınlaırında çevre sorunlarının azalmasına yönelik pratik bir çözüm bulamyı hedeflenmiştir. Bu makale ekolojik koruma amacıyla İran›da "Sınır Ötesi Korunan Alanın" veya "Barış Parkın" oluşturulmasının etkisini değerlendirmiştir. Gerekçe ve Yöntemler:Bu makale ekotonların ve doğal sınırların yapı ve işlevlerini açıklamaya çalışmıştır. İran'ın siyası bölgelerindeki eşsiz ekolojik bölgereli korumak amacıyla uygun bir çözüm bulmak için bu makalede insani sınırlarının doğal sınırlar gibi davranıp davranmadığını ve ekolojik etkilerini azaltıp azaltmayacağı tartışılmıştır. Bu nedenle, doğal ve insan sınırının ortak beş özellikleri olan yer ve boyut, köken, biçim, işlev ve zaman içindeki istikrar dahil olmak üzere açıklanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar: İran›ın siyasi sınırlarını analiz ederek, İran›ın sınır bölgelerinin çoğunda farklı koruma bölgelerine ihtiyaç duyduğunu ve sınır ötesi alanlardaki mevcut karmaşık siyasi meseleler nedeniyle "Sınır Ötesi Korunan Alan" fikrinin mümkün olamayabileceğini göstermektedir.Sonuç: İnsan sınırları, çevrelerindeki değişikliklere esnek olmalıdır; mevcut coğrafi yapılara uymalı ve ekolojik olarak ...
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