AimsTo perform a wastewater‐based analysis to explore the impact of newly legalized retail cannabis sales on its use and to determine if this approach could estimate the size of the legal market place, which began 1 August 2014 in the study area.DesignLaboratory study of raw wastewater samples collected and analyzed over the 3‐year period from 2014 to 2016.Setting and ParticipantsSamples obtained from the two wastewater treatment plants that serviced a municipality of 200 000 people in the state of Washington, USA.MeasurementsQuantitative analysis of 24‐hour composite influent samples for the metabolite of the active ingredient in cannabis, 11‐nor‐9‐Carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐COOH) were performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.FindingsWastewater estimates for THC‐COOH increased by 9% per quarter, suggesting a doubling in cannabis consumption from 1 December 2013 to 31 December 2016. State‐sold THC increased at nearly 70% per quarter, while stores operated from 1 August 2014 to 31 December 2016. Estimating the proportion of the total cannabis market supplied by state‐regulated cannabis from these data is not currently achievable.ConclusionA wastewater‐based measure of cannabis consumption suggests a significant increase in consumption in Washington, USA following legalization, and that legal sales appear to have displaced a large portion of the illicit market.
Introduction. Heart rate variability (HRV) is considered a marker of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function and a biomarker of interest in evaluating nervous system function following traumatic brain injury. This study validates prior research with larger sample sizes and proposes a model for establishing baseline HRV reactivity in healthy participants. Methods. Sixty-two healthy collegiate athletes were recruited for this study. Following informed consent, they were evaluated supine using the Elite HRV CorSense monitor and platform to record low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio and root means square of successive differences (RMSSD) over 5 min. A bag of ice was placed on their face, then RMSSD and LF/HF ratio were collected over three successive 1-min intervals. Results. RMSSD was elevated at 1 and 2 min (+47.4 ms, p < .0001; +16.5 ms, p = .014) following face cooling and fell to baseline at 3 min (+4.6 ms, p = .52). LF/HF ratio decreased following face cooling at 2 and 3 min (change from rest %: 2 min, −33%, p = .007; 3 min, −50%, p = < .0001). Conclusion. The Elite HRV platform can detect an elevation in RMSSD in the first minute following face cooling with a return to baseline in the second and third minutes. It can also detect a consistent decrease in LF/HF following face cooling.
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