The development of Watershed Management Plans (WMPs) in urban areas aids municipalities in allocating resources, engaging the public and stakeholders, addressing water quality regulations, and mitigating issues related to stormwater runoff and flooding. In this study, 124 urban WMPs across the United States were reviewed to characterize historic approaches and identify emerging trends in watershed planning. Planning methods and tools were qualitatively evaluated, followed by statistical analyses of a subset of 63 WMPs to identify relationships between planning factors. Plans developed by a municipality or consultant were associated with more occurrences of hydrologic modeling and site‐specific recommendations, and fewer occurrences of characterizing social watershed factors, than plans authored by agencies, organizations, or universities. WMPs in the past decade exhibited greater frequency in the use of pollutant load models and spatially explicit hydrologic and hydraulic models. Project prioritization was found to increasingly focus on feasibility to implement proposed strategies. More recent plans additionally exhibited greater consideration for water quality, ecological health, and public participation. Innovation in planning methods and consideration of future watershed conditions are primary areas that were found to be deficient in the study WMPs, although analysis methods and tools continue to improve in the wake of advancing technology and data availability.
The article covers the problem of indicating the landscape-ecological state of the territorial-recreational system using the GIS technologies. Regularities for reaction of a complex natural indicator (landscape) and private indicators (its components) to a multi-factorial anthropogenic load are an important direction for determining the conditions of the landscape-ecological state (LES) of the territorialrecreational system (TRS). The authors describe the process of studying the environmentally-related problems in development of Kazakhstan' territorial-recreational systems within the framework of the system paradigm. It is noted that Kazakhstan is a country of mixed tourist-recreational development because its space does not have a clear internal dominant, but is characterized by the presence of territories with development of tourism of different types. According to the degree of touristrecreational development, the territory is divided into well-developed suburban areas, protected areas, lake coasts, and a poorly or practically undeveloped main part. The map of Kazakhstan' ecological-recreational zoning is developed as a result of calculating the certain indicators in points. The assessment of functional limitations for development of the recreation and tourism industry in each Kazakhstan' administrative-territorial unit was made by use of a uniform five-point scale based on three key indicators. Detailed indication of the landscape-ecological state was performed for Shuchinsk-Borovoe TRS using GIS technologies. The software platform for creating maps was ESRI's ArcGIS 11. Route studies were conducted. The map of nature users and landscape-ecological state of Shuchinsk-Borovoe TRS is described. Кeywords: indication; landscape-ecological state; territorial-recreational system; tourism; GIS technologies; Kazakhstan
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