RESULTS: 20.85% patients (nϭ108) showed biofilm formation. Compared to patients without biofilms, patients with biofilms were significantly more likely to have asthma, use nasal steroids, oral steroids, nasal irrigation, have prior sinus surgeries, and were older. Positive culture results were significantly correlated with biofilm formation (spearman's ϭ0.1597, pϭ0.0009). However, presence of polyps, allergy, smoking, diabetes, sleep apnea, gender and current antibiotic use were not significantly different between the 2 groups. After adjusting all the clinical factors in multiple logistic regression models, patients who had prior sinus surgeries were 2.35 times more likely to have bacterial biofilm present (odds ratio 95% confidence interval 1.25, 4.45, pϭ0.008). CONCLUSION: After controlling for many clinical factors related with persistent CRS, prior sinus surgeries are still significantly associated with bacterial biofilm formation. This provides evidence that bacterial biofilm is an independent risk factor for the recurrent and resistant nature of some forms of CRS. Patients with CRS were included if they had a minimum of 2 CRS-related diagnoses with either radiographic imaging or endoscopy performed between diagnoses. The prevalence and costs of CRS from the payer perspective (reimbursements) were determined. RESULTS: Over 4.9M patients with an average of 3.1 years of eligibility and at least one diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) or CRS were included in the prevalence analysis. 10.7% (95% CI: 10.6% -10.8%) of those with ARS were diagnosed with CRS in the subsequent 5 years. 6.5% of those with CRS were treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) during this time; the remainder were medically managed. Among those medically managed, after 12 months, over 50% were still consuming care for CRS, and after 24 months, nearly 20% were still doing so.
Cost Burden of Chronic
Socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight were larger in the United States than the other countries, suggesting that the more generous social safety nets and health care systems in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia played buffering roles.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.