Planktic Foraminifera are an extremely abundant, important and successful group of marine protists. They are particularly useful in reconstructing past environments and for biostratigraphic dating. Despite their importance, the origin of the group is uncertain. Previous work has suggested that they evolved from a benthic ancestor during the Triassic or, perhaps, the Mid-Jurassic (?Bajocian), but a reason for their origination has remained unclear. Here, we present evidence from the Toarcian (early Jurassic) of NW Europe that the origin of the planktic Foraminifera may have been one of the results of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. This event appears to have been associated with a massive dissociation of gas hydrates and other, perhaps related, water chemistry changes.
The planktonic foraminifera almost certainly evolved from benthonic ancestors in the early Jurassic. The meroplanktonic genus Conoglobigerina, known from south-central and eastern Europe, appears in the Bajocian and is probably derived from the even more geographically restricted Praegubkinella. This genus was represented by a single taxon in the earliest Toarcian but diversified after the Toarcian anoxic event. At the same level Oberhauserella quadrilobata Fuchs, 1967 became more inflated and there is some evidence to suggest that the ‘anoxic event’ was the environmental perturbation that began the transition to a planktonic mode of life. In the Callovian-Oxfordian interval, the planktonic foraminifera are still restricted to a relatively limited area bounded by the North Atlantic Ocean, NW Europe and Eastern Europe and this remained the case even in the earliest Cretaceous. It was only in the Aptian-Albian that the palaeogeographical distribution changed dramatically, probably as a response to the elevated sea levels caused by the increased rate of ocean crust production which began in the Early Aptian. The principal diversification events in the Jurassic (Toarcian, Bajocian, Callovian-Oxfordian) also appear to be related to sea level highstands.
Unequivocal planktonic foraminifera have been discovered in Oxfordian strata from Dorset and Scotland. These assemblages are, in part, coeval with previously reported occurrences of planktonic taxa in the Oxfordian of Normandy and Seine Maritime (France). Three species are now reported from the United Kingdom for the first time: Globuligerina oxfordiana (Grigelis, 1958) , Haeuslerina helvetojurassica (Haeusler, 1881) and Compactogerina sp. cf. C. stellapolaris (Grigelis, 1977). There appears to be a close relationship between the distribution of these planktonic taxa in the UK and a marked sea-level highstand.
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