No abstract

Electron microscopy is an important modality for the analysis of neuronal structures in neurobiology. We address the problem of tracking axons across large distances in volumes acquired by Serial BlockFace Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBFSEM). This is a challenging problem due to the small crosssectional size of axons and the low signal-to-noise ratio in SBFSEM images. A carefully engineered algorithm using Kalman-snakes and optic flow computation, which takes advantage of the two-anda-half dimensional nature of the data, is presented. Validation results indicate that this algorithm can significantly speed up the task of axon tracking.

Misexpression of genes in a temporally

During formation of the optic projection in astray/robo2 mutant zebrafish, optic axons exhibit rostro-caudal pathfinding errors, ectopic midline crossing and increased terminal arbor size. Here we show that these errors persist into adulthood, even when robo2 function is conditionally reduced only during initial formation of the optic projection. Adult errors include massive ectopic optic tracts in the telencephalon. During optic nerve regeneration in astray/robo2 animals, these tracts are not re-populated and ectopic midline crossing is reduced compared to unlesioned mutants. This is despite a comparable macrophage/microglial response and upregulation of contactin1a in oligodendrocytes of entopic and ectopic tracts. However, other errors, such as expanded termination areas and ectopic growth into the tectum, were frequently re-committed by regenerating optic axons. Retinal ganglion cells with regenerating axons re-express robo2 and expression of slit ligands is maintained in some areas of the adult optic pathway. However, slit expression is reduced rostral and caudal to the chiasm, compared to development and ubiquitous overexpression of Slit2 did not elicit major pathfinding phenotypes. This shows that (1) there is not an efficient correction mechanism for large-scale pathfinding errors of optic axons during development; (2) degenerating tracts do not provide a strong guidance cue for regenerating optic axons in the adult CNS, unlike the PNS; and (3) robo2 is less important for pathfinding of optic axons during regeneration than during development.

At the optic chiasm, axons from either eye meet and decide whether to cross contralaterally or turn back ipsilaterally. Here, the guidance ligand Slit and its receptor Robo control not whether axons cross (as in other midline decisions), but where the chiasm forms. Whether axons cross is instead controlled by the transcription factor Zic2 and the guidance receptor EphB1, as shown by two papers in the current issues of Neuron and Cell (Herrera et al. and Williams et al.). Surprisingly, this mechanism is conserved evolutionarily from frogs to mammals.

Catalytic enantioselective methods that are general over a broad range of substrates facilitate application in synthetic discovery and development settings; however, truly general catalysts for asymmetric synthesis are rare. Herein, we report a strategy for the oxidative desymmetrization of meso-1,4 diols predicated on a non-traditional optimization protocol utilizing a panel of screening substrates rather than a singular model substrate. Critical to this approach was rational modulation of a peptide sequence incorporating a novel, aminoxyl-based catalytic residue. A general catalyst emerged, providing high selectivity in delivery of enantioenriched lactones across a broad range of diols.

No abstract

Catalytic enantioselective methods that are general over a broad range of substrates facilitate application in synthetic discovery and development settings; however, truly general catalysts for asymmetric synthesis are rare. Herein, we report a strategy for the oxidative desymmetrization of meso-1,4 diols predicated on a non-traditional optimization protocol utilizing a panel of screening substrates rather than a singular model substrate. Critical to this approach was rational modulation of a peptide sequence incorporating a novel, aminoxyl-based catalytic residue. A general catalyst emerged, providing high selectivity in delivery of enantioenriched lactones across a broad range of diols.