The presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes is a strong indicator of poor patient survival in many types of cancer. It has recently been shown that the lymphangiogenic growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), and its receptor, VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR3), may play a pivotal role in the promotion of metastasis to regional lymph nodes. In this study, human prostate and melanoma tumor models that preferentially metastasize to the lymph nodes following s.c. tumor cell implantation were established from lymph node metastases via in vivo selection. Melanoma tumor cell sublines established from lymph node metastasis express higher amounts of VEGF-C than the parental tumor cells. The inhibition of tumor-derived VEGF-C with a soluble VEGFR3 decoy receptor, sVEGFR3-Fc, expressed via a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector, potently blocks tumorassociated lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis to the lymph nodes, when the treatment was initiated before the tumor implantation. In addition, sVEGFR3-Fc serum levels required for efficient blockade of lymph node metastases are strictly dependent on the VEGF-C levels generated by the primary tumor. Recombinant adeno-associated virusmediated gene transfer of sVEGFR3-Fc may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy for blockade of lymphogenous metastasis. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(15): 6901-9)
In a general psychology course, 126 undergraduate students read a syllabus from a male or a female instructor that contained basic course information alone, added restrictive course policy information (e.g., policies on accepting late work and email etiquette requirements), or additional course content information. The students rated the competence of the instructor who included restrictive course policy information highest, followed by the instructor who included additional course content. Instructor gender did not influence the students' competency ratings. (34 ref)-Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University.In 2011 and 2013 at a public university, the syllabi for all undergraduate courses were reviewed for evidence of student learning outcomes, descriptions of assignments and projects, and strategies to promote student learning. The most common syllabi content areas were descriptions of the instructor's policies for the course (rules about late work, permission to make up an examination, and rules about classroom behavior), class meeting times and location, the instructor's goals for the courses or description of the course's role in preparing the student for future courses, descriptions of software or required technology skills, and descriptions of specific projects. Only rarely did the syllabi refer to grading rubrics for assignments. Slightly over 70 percent of the syllabi showed evidence of high-impact pedagogical practices, the most frequent of which were graded classroom participation, applying learning to real-world problems, and making class presentations. (39 ref)-Center for University Teaching, Learning, and Assessment, University of West Florida. LEGAL ISSUES Brewer, Tyler. The Restatement (Third) of Torts: Combating Sexual Assaults on college Campuses by Recognizing the College-Student Relationship. Journal of Law and Education, 2015, 44 (Summer) pp. 345-391.Can a college or university be held liable for failing to prevent the sexual assault of a student? Foreseeability of harm is required to impose liability under a theory of negligence, but students are unable, in most cases, to meet the burden of proving the sexual assault was foreseeable. Without foreseeability, there can be no duty of care on the college's part. The problem is that the courts have erroneously turned "foreseeability" into the dispositive question in deciding whether a legal duty exists. Foreseeability is more appropriately an element of the breach, not part of any broader, context-free duty. What this means is that the fact finder must assess the foreseeable risk at the time of the alleged negligence to determine whether the college or university exercised reasonable care. Rather than basing the foreseeability of risk on whether past similar incidents have occurred, foreseeability should be determined by all relevant facts, including whether past crimes of a lesser degree have occurred on campus or close to campus. This proposed approach balance the likelihood of harm and the severity of harm against the college or ...
Reports of complications as a result of COVID-19 infection are emerging since the virus became a pandemic. Although not fully understood, reports show that the COVID-19 virus has shown acute pericardial involvement resulting from this infection. It can cause a wide range of manifestations from minimal effusion to large effusion with tamponade; however, there is little or no data on an indolent course of COVID-19 infection and its resulting manifestations. Here we describe a patient who had minimal disease symptoms for weeks, resulting in sizeable pericardial effusion formation.
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