San Clemente Island (SCI) supports one of the smallest Scripps's Murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi; SCMU) colonies in the world, and perhaps the only colony of Guadalupe Murrelets (S. hypoleucus; GUMU) in California. In 2012-2016, the U.S. Navy sponsored development of a long-term murrelet monitoring program at SCI that utilized nocturnal spotlight surveys, night-lighting at-sea captures, and nest monitoring. Standardized spotlight survey transects were established in nearshore waters off breeding areas at Seal Cove and southeast SCI (SESCI). Baseline mean spotlight counts were 29-+ 15 murrelets (n = 31) at Seal Cove in 2013-2016 and 21-+ 10 murrelets (n = 15) at SESCI in 2014-2016. We banded 201 SCMU captured in congregations at Seal Cove (n = 158) and SESCI (n = 43); 12% of the SCMU from Seal Cove and 7% from SESCI were recaptured ≥1 year after banding. We also banded 21 GUMU at Seal Cove, but none were recaptured. Murrelet nests or eggs were found in 6 shoreline breeding "refuges" at Seal Cove and SESCI that were seldom if ever visited by island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae) and feral cats (Felis catus). Incubating SCMU were observed in 4 nest sites, but in 8 other sites only eggs or eggshells were found. Overall hatching success was very low (12%; n = 17 clutches) in 2012-2016, apparently due to intraspecific competition for limited nest crevices at Seal Cove and predation (or possibly abandonment and subsequent egg scavenging) by foxes or black rats (Rattus rattus) at SESCI. Using spotlight survey data, we estimated 115 murrelet pairs (range 79-208) at SCI, including 110 pairs (range 76-199) of SCMU and 5 pairs (range 3-9) of GUMU, although a GUMU nest has not yet been found. Power analyses of Seal Cove spotlight data indicated that surveys conducted over 9 nights per year for 20 years could reliably (power ≥ 0.90) detect minimum population changes of-+1.7% per annum. Additional efforts are needed to (1) confirm the breeding status of GUMU; (2) investigate alternative methods of rat control to increase hatching success in murrelet breeding refuges; and (3) enhance breeding habitats to reduce intraspecific competition for nest sites and increase the number of monitored nests. RESUMEN.-La isla San Clemente (SCI, por sus siglas en inglés) aloja a una de las colonias de mérgulos de Scripps (Synthliboramphus scrippsi; SCMU) más pequeñas del mundo, y tal vez la única colonia de mérgulos californianos aliclaros (S. hypoleucus; GUMU) en California. Entre los años 2012-2016, la Marina de los EE.UU. patrocinó el desarrollo de un programa a largo plazo de monitoreo de mérgulos en la Isla San Clemente, apoyándose de muestreos nocturnos, capturas en el mar mediante iluminación y monitoreo de nidos. Se establecieron muestreos en transectos estandarizados en zonas cercanas a la costa, fuera de las áreas de crianza, en Seal Cove y el sudeste de la Isla San Clemente (SESCI, por sus siglas en inglés). El número promedio fue de 29-+ 15 mérgulos (n = 31) en Seal Cove entre 2013-2016, y de 21-+ 10 mérgulos (n = 15) en S...
This article aims to elucidate the barriers to mental health care for Black youth by providing the perspectives of youth, caregivers, and service providers. Given the significance of service provision, analysis is focused on accessing the mental health care system at the organizational and practitioner levels. The present study explored the barriers and facilitators to mental health care for Black children and youth in Canada. The results of this article draw from a larger study that aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to mental health care for Black children and youth in Canada. A reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify themes, which were analysed through a critical race theory lens. Participants noted numerous challenges related to accessing care, many of which they attributed to anti-Black racism (ABR). At the practitioner level, stigma and racism from providers, a lack of cultural awareness, and non-Black workers unable to assist Black youth were major themes. At the organizational level, three core themes emerged: Organizations not committing to cultural responsiveness, a lack of Black professionals, and a lack of agencies specifically for Black youth. To increase access to care, organizations must address ABR by making actionable commitments to anti-racist efforts, increasing culturally responsive programming, and addressing ABR for Black employees. Practitioners need to take a flexible, individualised care approach that rejects assumptions and stereotypes and allows clients to lead with their experiences. This study is among the first to explore ABR and access to mental health care for Black youth in Canada. Public Significance StatementResearch suggests that Black youth in Canada are at greater risk of developing mental illness than their counterparts, and access to safe and effective mental health care is necessary to address these challenges. This article provides an overview of current obstacles to providing care to Black youth. Barriers at the organizational and practitioner levels related to anti-Black racism hindered adequate access to care which requires actionable commitments to rectify.
and multiple samples per year (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). Fish populations varied with Mediterranean climate patterns of rainfall, stream flow and consequent breaching of the lagoon to the ocean through the barrier sand berm. Two near-record rainfall seasons occurred during this period; the 1997-1998 El Nino due to southern storms and the 2004-2005 winter wet season of more usual storms from the north and northwest. The lagoon stabilized as fresh to brackish in the dry season and for multiple years during successive drier winters. Closed conditions benefitted the native, federally endangered southern tidewater goby, Eucyclogobius kristinae , but were less suitable for other native estuarine species more common in wetter years. Wet year flows also reduced non-native freshwater species; some thrived and increased predation pressure on the southern tidewater goby. Historically these exotics were absent and two additional native species were present, partially armored threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus , and the federally endangered southern steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Restoring and maintaining a full suite of native species will require a combination of 1) habitat maintenance and restoration, 2) control or management of non-native species, and 3) reintroduction of some native fishes and amphibians.Estuarine fish community studies exist for many California estuaries naturally or artifi¬ cially open to the ocean on a year around basis (Allen et al. 2006). Most of these larger estuaries historically closed seasonally (Warme et al. 1977;Fong and Kennison 2010). Only a few studies exist for California systems still opening and closing in some approximation of the original Mediterranean climate-influenced hydrological cycles such as Ambrose and Meffert (1999) for Malibu Lagoon, Los Angeles County and Collins and Melak (2014) for Devereaux Slough, Santa Barbara County. Even then fish population composition and structure probably differ from the historical or original patterns (Lane 1977; Swift et al. 1989; USFWS 2005). Some native species have been extirpated from these systems and
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