Background E-cigarette use outcome expectancies and their relationships with demographic and e-cigarette use variables are not well understood. Based on past cigarette as well as e-cigarette use research, we generated self-report items to assess e-cigarette outcome expectancies among college students. The objective was to determine different dimensions of e-cigarette use expectancies and their associations with e-cigarette use and use susceptibility. Methods Self-report data were collected from 307 multiethnic 4- and 2-year college students [M age=23.5 (SD= 5.5); 65% Female; 35% current cigarette smokers] in Hawaii. Data analyses were conducted by using factor and regression analyses. Results Exploratory factor analysis among e-cigarette ever-users indicated 7 factors: 3 positive expectancy factors (social enhancement, affect regulation, positive sensory experience) and 4 negative expectancy factors (negative health consequences, addiction concern, negative appearance, negative sensory experience). Confirmatory factor analysis among e-cigarette never-users indicated that the 7-factor model fitted reasonably well to the data. Being a current cigarette smoker was positively associated with positive expectancies and inversely with negative expectancies. Higher positive expectancies were significantly associated with greater likelihood of past-30-day e-cigarette use. Except addiction concern, higher negative expectancies were significantly associated with lower likelihood of past-30-day e-cigarette use. Among e-cigarette never-users, positive expectancy variables were significantly associated with higher intentions to use e-cigarettes in the future, adjusting for current smoker status and demographic variables. Conclusions E-cigarette use expectancies determined in this study appear to predict e-cigarette use and use susceptibility among young adults and thus have important implications for future research.
The relation between complaints of memory problems and memory test performance was examined among depressed (n -25) and nondepressed (n -25) adults over the age of 40 years. Depressed adults were diagnosed from interviews using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-lII) criteria and from responses to the Beck Depression Inventory. A dissociation between memory complaints and performance was observed. Depressed adults complained of greater problems in memory than nondepressed adults. However, the memory test performances of both groups were in the average-to-above-average range. These results are discussed in light of the role of selfdeprecating cognitive distortions in the tendency of depressed individuals to negatively evaluate all their abilities, including their memory.
Objective To characterize smokers who are likely to use electronic- or "e-"cigarettes to quit smoking. Methods Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1567 adult daily smokers in Hawaii using paper-and-pencil survey. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Results Thirteen percent of the participants reported having ever-used e-cigarettes to quit smoking. Smokers who had used e-cigarettes to quit smoking reported higher motivation to quit, higher quitting self-efficacy, and longer recent quit duration compared to other smokers. Age (OR= 0.98, 95% CI [0.97, 0.99]) and Native Hawaiian ethnicity (compared to Whites) (OR= 0.68, 95% CI [0.45, 0.99]) were inversely associated with increased likelihood of e-cigarette ever-use for cessation. Other significant correlates of e-cigarette ever-use for cessation were: higher motivation to quit (OR= 1.14, 95% CI [1.08, 1.21]), quitting self-efficacy (OR= 1.18, 95% CI [1.06, 1.36]) and ever-use of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved cessation aids such as nicotine gum (OR= 3.72, 95% CI [2.67, 5.19]). Conclusions Smokers who try e-cigarettes to quit smoking seem serious about wanting to quit. Despite lack of evidence regarding efficacy, smokers seem to treat e-cigarettes as valid alternatives to FDA-approved cessation aids. Research is needed to test the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as cessation aids.
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