Honey Bee Colony Losses AbstractHoney bees not only produce the honey and hive products (propolis, pollen, royal jelly and wax) but also they are one of the most effective pollinators that are required for the realization of agricultural production in the world. In this manner, they have a fundamental role in global agricultural economy and production. The recent reports from various studies emphasized the unexplained losses of bee colonies in many countries and many governments have started to concern future effects of this occasion . Sudden disappearance of worker bees, dead bees in front of the hive, low number of adult bees, less produced honey and low pollinated crops are the symptoms which is described as colony collapse disorder (CCD). Colony losses seem to be driven by many factors such as pesticides, guttation water, pathogens, pests, global warming, cell phone radiation and stress factors. This review focuses on the reasons of honey bee decline and the potential solutions to shed light to honey bee disappearence.
Honey bees, Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) forage water from guttation fluid so transported neonicotinoid insecticides in guttation fluid poses a risk to the bees. The first aim of this study was to determine the toxicity and risk of clothianidin to honey bees. In addition, the changes of clothianidin residue in the guttation fluid of maize plants in Turkey were determined in 2018 and 2019. Also, the toxicity of guttation fluid collected from the maize plants to bees was determined in ecotoxicological tests. The acute oral LD50 of clothianidin to honey bees in the first 24 h was 1.80 ng bee -1 and residue analysis demonstrated that honey bees were exposed to clothianidin concentration in guttation fluid ranging from 0.02 to 6.0 mg L -1 with mortality ranging between 80 and 100%. As the measured concentration of clothianidin in guttation fluid can lead to the mortality of honey bees, present study indicates that clothianidin, and possibly related pesticides in treated maize seed poses a risk to honey bees. Future studies are needed to determine the scale and distribution of this risk in Turkey.
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