Diseases, especially caused by seed borne fungi, are among the factors decreasing yield and quality of wheat. Common bunt is also an important seed borne disease of wheat worldwide. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of clove, ginger, mint, oregano and thyme oils on the fungal load of wheat seeds. In addition, effects of the oils on the germination rates of bunt spores were investigated. Blotter method was used to determine the effects of different concentrations (0.05 -10%) of the oils on fungal load of wheat seeds. After incubation at 22°C for 7 days, seeds were investigated under stereomicroscope and fungi growing on the seeds were recorded. Germination rates of bunt spores were determined after incubation on water agar with different concentrations of oils. Highest doses of clove, mint and oregano oils totally inhibited the fungal growth on wheat seeds, but they also inhibited the germination of seeds. Lower doses failed to inhibit fungi on seeds, however they decreased or totally inhibited the germination of bunt spores. As a result, it was found that plant essential oils could be used against bunt disease of wheat as an alternative to fungicides.
In this study, effects of single and combined applications of biocontrol agents; Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. virens) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus subtilis) on growth, wilt disease severity caused by Verticillium dahliae and plant defence-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase) of eggplant, were investigated. It was determined that single and combined applications of biological control agents reduced the severity of wilt disease caused by the pathogen, and T. atroviride isolate and its combinations with bacteria were the most effective applications. Biological control agents not only increased plant growth parameters in the experimental groups they were applied, but also the activities of defence-related peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and β-1,3 glucanase enzymes in the plant samples taken from these groups. Inoculations with biocontrol agents especially increased stem diameter, length, fresh and dry weights and root lengths of the eggplants, compared to the pathogen inoculated ones. Although the enzyme activities of the plants changed depending on the period after the inoculations, mostly found to be higher on the plants inoculated with the pathogen and/or biocontrol agents, compared to the non-inoculated control plants.
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