Obesity is a critical medical condition worldwide that is increasingly involved with nutritional derangements associated with micronutrient deficiencies, including iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, selenium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. Nutritional deficiencies in obesity are mainly caused by poor-quality diets, higher nutrient requirements, alterations in micronutrient metabolism, and invasive obesity treatments. The current conventional agricultural system is designed for intensive food production, focusing on food quantity rather than food quality, consuming excessive agricultural inputs, and producing nutrient-deficient foods, thus generating severe health and environmental problems; agricultural food products may worsen obesity-related malnutrition. Therefore, modern agriculture is adopting new biofortification technologies to combat micronutrient deficiencies and improve agricultural productivity and sustainability. Biofertilization and nanofertilization practices are increasingly used due to their efficiency, safety, and reduced environmental impact. Biofertilizers are preparations of PGP-microorganisms that promote plant growth by influencing plant metabolism and improving the nutrient uptake, and nanofertilizers consist of synthesized nanoparticles with unique physicochemical properties that are capable of increasing plant nutrition and enriching agricultural products. This review presents the current micronutrient deficiencies associated with obesity, the modern unsustainable agri-food system contributing to obesity progression, and the development of bio- and nanofertilizers capable of biofortifying agri-food crops with micronutrients commonly deficient in patients with obesity.
Background: Agriculture is a major contributor to environmental and soil degradation. Soil microorganisms are essential to improve plant growth, crop yields and stress-tolerance. Objective: To characterize maize early plant-response in a seedbed setting to native consortia of isolated microorganisms from arid zones. Methods: Sixteen fungal and 16 bacterial isolates from arid soils were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed using morphological characteristics. Ten biofertilizers were tested in replicates (n=100) in maize under seedbed conditions. Consortia were formulated based on growth promoting traits, including mainly Penicillium and Pseudomonas species. After 45 days, biofertilizers were evaluated according to plant height, and shoot and root fresh weight. Results and Conclusions: Penicillium and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera identified. Most strains are potential candidates for biofertilizer formulation based on their growth promoting traits. Bacterial consortia mainly promoted plant caulinar development, while the combination of fungal and bacterial species markedly increased root development. Eight biofertilizer consortia from arid zones had positive effects at early developmental stage of maize under seedbed conditions compared to uninoculated plants.
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