IONDONCONVERGENCE may be summarised as consisting of three parts, tonic, accommodational, and fusional (Maddox). Tonic convergence is that amount of fusional innervation which is necessaryr to place the eves in the position of parallelism at infinity.The Accommodational convergence results from, and is associated with, any accommodational effort. These two functions are interconnected; contraction of the ciliarv muscles is accompanied by a known and measurable amount of convergence. The contraction of the ciliaries may be insufficient or too great, but convergence must be exact for any point within infinitv, to avoid diplopia. At the near point (33 cms.) eighteen prism dioptres are required, and as accommodation is variable, the final adjustment is known as fusional convergence.If accommodational convergence is insufficient fusional convergence is positive (adductive), if it is excessive fusional convergence is negative (abductive).All lateral muscle imbalances are errors of convergence, and all tests are convergence tests. Fusional convergence is the innervation, whichi corrects near point imbalances. In order to judge w\'hether or not anv-imbalance, either at distance or near, requires hlelp to maintain efficiency, the exact futsionzal reserve which the patient possesses must be know\n.The fusional amplitude can be ascertained by taking the patient's duction, which roughly represents the fusional amplitude, which may enable himn to cope with the imbalance.Anv imbalance at the near point is always the difference between that measured at distance and that found at the near point (33 cms.). For example if three dioptres of exophoria is found at distance and five dioptres at near, the sum total of the near imbalance is two dioptres of exophoria, whereas if three dioptres of esophoria exists at distance and five dioptres of exophoria at near, the sum total will be eight dioptres of exoplhoria at the near point.
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Operation Rubicon was probably one of the most successful intelligence operations of our time. Recent press revelations detail this secret partnership between the German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) and the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), focused on the purchase and control of Crypto AG. Supported by German technical giants like Siemens, the company sold and produced compromised cypher machines. This article challenges the idea that the dominant sigint powers were within the anglosphere during the Cold War.Instead suggesting Rubicon evidences that the centre of gravity for intelligence lay 'elsewhere'. It also explores the complex ethical implications of Germany's involvement in Rubicon.
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