Enhancing customer loyalty has become a popular topic for managers, consultants, and academics. The arguments in support of loyalty are simple to understand. Loyal customers are reported to have higher customer retention rates, commit a higher share of their category spending to the firm, and are more likely to recommend others to become customers of the firm. (Reichheld, Sasser, 1990;Zeithaml, 2000, "Keiningham, et al. 2007 Traditionally, marketing activities have focused on success in the product marketplace by examining the physical aspects of products and services such as quantity, quality, functionality, availability, accessibility, delivery, price and customer support. More recently, marketing managers have shifted their emphasis to creating value for their customers (Clutterbuck, Goldsmith, 1998;McAlexander et al., 2002, Mascarenhas, et al. 2006. So there are very limited researches for customer value affect customer loyalty? Is customer value affecting customer loyalty? This research focused determine the effects of customer value, which is perceived by domestic line passengers based on the services offered by the airline company preferred, on the level of loyalty towards airline companies.This study was carried out based on descriptive research model. Multiple regression analysis was employed in the study so that the extent to which the level of passenger satisfaction about each of the services offered by airline companies influences the level of passenger loyalty to airline companies can be determined. Also, logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the services playing a role in meeting passenger expectations by airline companies.
Scholars have long argued that transnational legal indicators (TLIs) suffer from significant validity problems. In response to such critiques, the World Bank (WB) reformed its Doing Business (DB) legal indicators in 2014. This paper evaluates two important results of this reform: the WB distinguished between the quality and performance (efficiency) of law indicators and also claimed that they are positively correlated. I argue that this distinction is based on two different utilitarian perspectives; therefore, these indicators try to quantify different aspects of laws. However, new empirical tests indicate that they are not correlated. The statistical tests on the DB Resolving Insolvency Indicators do not show any strong correlation, and the case of Turkey's WB-led insolvency-law reform suggests that the developing countries can even incur efficiency losses from legal-quality improvements. Thus, this study demonstrates that the 2014 DB reform reproduced the validity problems inside the new distinctions and connections between its indicators, potentially creating new misconceptions for policy-makers.
The value concept seems to be one of the most recent and most popular trends. In recent years, customer value has become a major focus among strategy researchers and practitioners as an essential element of a firm’s competitive strategy. (Ravald and Grönroos, 1996) Customer value and customer benefit are key concepts in marketing as well as operations management the emphasis in airline management seems to lie on cost management and traditional quality management customer value concepts in passenger air transport, becomes clear that there have been changing focuses not necessarily always driven by customer needs but more by technical and market influences. (Biegera, Wittmerb) Therefore, this article focuses on customer value from a customer's perspective and study focuses on determination of the domestic passenger’s perceived value of Turkish Airlines’ services, like for example price, convenience of flights, on time performance etc. This concept is a new strategic orientation in the industry.
This article advances the theory of policy paradigms by investigating when paradigms are rigid, constraining alternative perspectives and policy options, and when instead they are more flexible, allowing actors to overcome paradigmatic restrictions and differences. Departing from the existing theories on policy paradigms, I conceptualize paradigm rigidity and flexibility as characteristics that develop endogenously within the policy-making process, shaped by the types of policy changes that are proposed and discussed and by the types of framing strategies policy actors employ to support their proposals. Policy paradigms can therefore have both rigid and flexible modes within the same policy area and in the same period. Conceiving paradigms in modes helps us better understand how policies change when there are competing paradigms and exogenous crises. I illustrate this empirically with an analysis of the debates surrounding four antitrust (competition) policy change proposals in the USA during the 1970s.
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