Background: Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia, despite test and treat all HIV positives are adopted, a significant number of people eligible for Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) show up with advanced disease and at lower CD4 count. There is currently paucity of studies conducted that investigate predictors of mortality among adults on ART in the study area. Objective: To explore Survival and predictors of mortality among adult HIV-positive patients on ART in Kambata Tambaro Zone, Ethiopia, from August 2013 to February 2019. Methods: A health facility-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among records of 467 adult HIV-positive patients on ART selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using standardized abstraction tool. Kaplan-Meier, Log rank tests and Cox regression model was applied to estimate survival status and identify predictors of mortality, respectively. Results: Of the total 467 study subjects, 59 (12.63%) of them died in the study period. The median follow-up time of the cohort was 40.1 (IQR=13.6-59.0) months. The mortality rate of the cohort was 4.1 per 100 PYO. The overall survival probability of the cohort was 84.38% (95 CI=80.08-87.82) at 66 months. Bedridden function AHR=3.0 (95% CI, 1.44-6.64), Fairadherence AHR=3.3 (95% CI, 1.50-7.07), Poor-adherence AHR=3.8 (95% CI, 1.88-7.96), presence of OIs AHR=4.2 (95% CI, 1.98-8.50), Late diagnosis (CD4 count >/=350) AHR=3.0 (95% CI, 1.91-6.42) and Immunologic failure AHR=3.5 (95% CI, 1.41-6.29) were independent predictors of time to death in Cox-Regression. Conclusion: Late Diagnosis, poor adherence, being bedridden, having OI and Immunologic failure were independently associated with time to death. Early diagnosis to start treatment and emphasizing on close follow-up care to improve treatment adherence should be given special emphasis.

Background: The nutritional status of lactating women is very important since it also affects the health of their children. However, there was limited information on maternal nutrition status in low-income countries like Ethiopia, especially in the study area.Objectives: Determine magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among lactating womenMethods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 lactating women in Dire Dawa town health facilities from February 10/02/2019 – March 30/ 03/2019.Result: Prevalence of undernutrition was 22 %. Women who age 15-25 years were four times more likely undernourished than older [AOR=4.04(CI: (1.74, 9.40)]. Unable to read and write Women were almost five times more likely to be undernourished than formal education [AOR=4.76 CI: (2.31, 9.81)]. Women who have family size >7 were six times more likely to be undernourished than family size < 3 [AOR=5.53 CI :( 1.15, 26.53)]. Women not take additional food during lactating were 4.5 times more likely undernourished than take additional food [AOR=4.56 CI (1.50, 13.9)]. DD score < 5 were four times more likely to be undernourished than (>= 5) DD [AOR= 4 CI: (2.02, 7.90)].Conclusion: Prevalence of undernutrition in the study area was high: Factors associated with underweight were: Age of lactating women, Education status, Family size, Additional food during lactation and DD score. Thus, multi-sectoral collaboration targeted at improving women’s educational status and increasing food during lactation need to be emphasized.

Background Central obesity (CO) is a medical problem in which extra fat is accumulated in the abdomen and stomach extent that it may harm health. Furthermore, previous studies in Ethiopia predominantly relied on body mass index used to measure obesity and do not show distribution of fat. However, there is a paucity of information on the measurement of central obesity using waist circumference and associated factors in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of central obesity and associated factors among urban adults in Dire Dawa, administrative city, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 adults in selected kebeles of administrative city from October 15 to November 15, 2020. A multistage and systematic sampling procedure was used to select study participants. Central obesity is defined as a condition with waist circumference ≥83.7 cm for men and ≥78 cm for women with or without general obesity (GO). Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with central obesity using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The overall prevalence of central obesity was 76.1%; at 95% CI (73%, 80%). Associated factors of central obesity were age 45 years and above [AOR = 3.75, 95% CI (1.86, 7.55)], being female [AOR = 2.52, 95% CI: (1.62, 3.94)], alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: (1.69, 4.05], physical inactivity [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: (1.23, 3.42)], and two hour and more time spent on watching television [AOR = 3.30, 95% CI: (1.59, 6.82)]. Conclusion The study shows central obesity was high in the study area. Age 45 years and above, being females, married, physically inactive, alcohol consumption, and spending a long time watching television was associated with central obesity. Having regular physical activity, limiting alcohol drinking, and limiting time spent watching television were recommended to prevent central obesity and associated risk among adults.

Background Anemia is an independent prognostic marker of HIV/AIDS disease progression. It causes impaired physical functioning, psychological distress, poor quality-of-life, and reduces life expectancy in HIV patients. However, there is limited information in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of anemia and associated factors among adult HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in public health facilities of Kembata Tembaro Zone, southern Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study. A total of 401 HIV patients attending antiretroviral therapy nested in five health facilities were included in the analysis. Simple random sampling was employed using medical record number to select study units. Data were collected using pretested and structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements were taken, and a drop of capillary blood was collected to determine hemoglobin level by HemoCue 301 analyzer. Clinical related data were collected from patient medical records by using a structured checklist. The collected data were coded and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with anemia and statistical tests were declared significant at a P -value<0.05. Results The magnitude of anemia among adults HIV patients attending ART was 26.2%, 95% CI=21.7–30.4. Being female (AOR=2.06, 95% CI=1.02–4.16), body mass index <18.5 Kg/m 2 (AOR=2.28, 95% CI=1.09–4.78), Zidovudine use (AOR=3.71, 95% CI=1.9–7.26), having had an opportunistic infection (AOR=5.46, 95% CI=1.67–17.7), and WHO stage III or IV (AOR=5.71, 95% C=2.68–12.14) were significantly associated with the occurrence of anemia. Conclusion Anemia was found to be a moderate public health problem among ART attendants in the current study area. Thus, early detection and intervention targeting Zidovudine users, females, patients having body mass index <18.5 Kg/m 2 , patients having opportunistic infections, and patients having clinical WHO stage III or IV disease is vital to reduce the magnitude of anemia and its consequences.

Background: Nutrition is a significant factor in all stages of HIV. Dietary management of HIV-positive patients is key to supporting their capacity to continue participating in the workforce and contributing to socioeconomic growth. Few studies have been conducted regarding this important public health problem of dietary diversity throughout the developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study assesses the magnitude and factors associated with dietary diversity among HIV-positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics at Public Hospitals in Kembata Tembaro Zoni, Southern Ethiopia. Methods and Materials: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 01/2019 to 30/2019 on 341 adult HIV-positive patients on ART at two randomly selected public hospitals in the study area. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select study subjects from each facility proportionally. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with individual dietary diversity. Logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to measure the strength of association. Level of significance for statistical tests was set at p <0.05. Results: This study shows 60.1% (95% CI: 55-65) of patients had inadequate dietary diversity. Average monthly income of less than 1000 Ethiopian Birr (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.04-3.17), being female (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.67-5.37), duration of ART less than 1 year (AOR = 3.77, 95% CI: 1.42-10.02) and lack of dietary counseling (AOR =0.54, 95% CI: 0.30-0.97) were factors associated with low dietary diversity. Conclusion: Low dietary diversity was a major nutritional problem in HIV-positive patients. Low average monthly income, being female, duration of participants on ART, and lack of dietary counseling were the factors associated with low dietary diversity. To alleviate these problems, exceptional attention in nutritional care should be given to HIV-positive patients and they require appropriate counseling and support during early initiation of ART.