Aims The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nurses' work‐related variables and colleague solidarity on their job motivation. Background The motivation of nurses is an important measure in effective and efficient provision of health care services. Methods The sample of this descriptive study included 172 nurses working at a private hospital in Turkey. The Colleague Solidarity Scale for Nurses, Nurses' Job Motivation Scale, and Demographic and Work‐Related Variables Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and backward multiple regression analysis. Results There was a positive correlation between the scores on the Colleague Solidarity Scale for Nurses and the Nurses' Job Motivation Scale (r: .56, p < .001). Of the nine independent variables evaluated in the multiple regression analysis, five had a significant effect on the job motivation of nurses (R2: .39, p < .001, Durbin–Watson: 2.12). Conclusion The results of the study show that the three sub‐dimensions of the Colleague Solidarity Scale for Nurses, salary and career opportunities were important factors affecting job motivation. Implications for Nursing Management In order to increase nurses' job motivation, nurse managers should work to improve collegial solidarity, create career opportunities and develop salary policies.

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Implant periapical lesion (IPL), an inflammatory lesion surrounding the apex of a dental implant, has been previously reported as a possible cause for implant failure. This article describes 2 successive cases of active IPL that were diagnosed early by clinical signs and radiologic findings. Lesions were treated surgically with implant removal and debridement. The etiology, findings, and treatment approaches for IPL are discussed in comparison with other reports.

Objective: Liposomal cancer treatment strategies are useful in removing the side effects that were the main concern in recent years. In this study, we prepared microbubble (MBs) conjugated with DOX-loaded liposomes (DOX-loaded MBs) and investigated their effectiveness in in vitro breast cancer cells in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D).Materials and Methods: With this aim, breast cancer cells with different features (4T1, MDA-MB231, MCF-7) were growth in 2D and 3D dimensions. The cytotoxic and cell death effects under different conditions, durations and doses were evaluated with WST-1, trypan-blue, colony counts. Apoptotic effects were investigated with flow cytometric Annexin-V-PI and immunohistochemical (Ki-67, caspase 3, 8, 9) methods.Results: After free DOX and LipoDOX were applied, the proliferation index of three cell lines reduced. Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were activated in both 2D and 3D models. However, this effect was observed at lower levels in the 3D model due to the difficulty of diffusion of DOX into the spheroids. Additionally, the suitability of the 3D model for breast cancer cells was supported by formation of ductus-like structures and spheroids. Cell deaths were not observed significantly with the DOX-loaded microbubbles due to rising of MBs to the surface and not reaching spheroids held in matrigel of 3D model. Conclusion:DOX and LipoDOX showed anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects in breast cancer cells. However, these effects indicated variability depending on the cell lines and 2D or 3D model types.

As it known, roads constitute the backbone of any cities and also determine the urban activity. In addition to this, the vital role of roads and the road network has arise in the event of a disaster for the public and disaster response group. The principal services such as the first aid, food, personal cleaning, etc. are provided through the gathering areas especially in in the first 72 hours in the case of emergence. Accordingly, the accessibility of these areas has a great importance. While the gathering areas are positioning in the city area, there exist definite criteria as these areas' relationship with the road received urban services, the classification of the road and also the road width. This study aims to determine how to make a detailed assessment in the identification of the gathering points that has an important role in case of disaster and emergencies based on the hierarchy of the road received urban services. Two separated analyses are evaluated in this context using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). First one is the relationship between the potential gathering points and the urban road hierarchy in three districts located on the northern axis of Izmir city. Second one is the accessibility based on the relationship between the road width and the building height. As a results of these analyses, the lower ratio of the building height to the road width, the more accessible roads in the case of disaster. The main arterials become prominent in terms of the accessibility opportunities and the sustainability of roads' facilities. As a result of the study, the role of gathering points is critical to examining the accessibility of currents roads and to reduce the disaster risks.

Cities are warmer than their surrounding rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. The heat island effect occurs in urbanized areas in which structures such as buildings and roads are highly concentrated and green cover is limited. Extreme heat waves resulting from climate change also cause temperature increases in the urban environment. In addition, the urban heat island effect negatively affects the comfort of individuals living in cities and increases the amount of energy required for cooling, especially in warm climate regions. To reduce both the urban heat island effect and the need for cooling, it is necessary to consider wind movement during the urban planning process. Within this context, it is vital that spatial development decisions allow planned building groups to benefit from natural ventilation opportunities. The morphological features of buildings directly affect the available opportunities to use wind energy for passive cooling in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to determine which morphological parameters affect the building-wind relationship. This study presents an analysis of wind simulations made by modeling selected examples of actual residential areas to determine the effects of different morphological features on wind movement. Twelve residential areas located in the Karşıyaka District of İzmir Province were determined for analysis due to their distinct morphological characteristics. The results of the study revealed that the parameters that affect wind movement in urban areas are the array of the buildings, their density, the distances between them, their floor area ratio, and their height. With regard to the provision of wind movement, it was found that the detached housing type is the most advantageous for hot climate zones. In addition, increasing the distances between structures was found to have a positive effect on natural ventilation. However, when viewed at the scale of residential areas, building heights on wind movements in the residential areas depends on the other two parameters. The simulations created for this study show that all morphological features of the building group under analysis affect wind movement, both separately and in combination.

Aims: Ototoxicity is one of the main side effects of the chemotherapeutic agent Cisplatin (CDDP). CDDP ototoxicity is caused by damage of the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells or lateral wall (stria vascularis and spiral ligament). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were shown to differentiate into neurogenic and auditory hair cells in vitro. In this study, effect of MSCs in CDDP ototoxicity model of HEI-OC1 cochlear cells was evaluated. Method:The cochlear cells were exposed to 50 and 100 microM CDDP for 24, 48, 72 hours with and without MSCs as coculture. The viability of the cells was analyzed with trypan blue dye and the percentage of apoptosis with Annexin-V by flow cytometer. The differentiation of MSCs to immature cochlear cells were shown by Math1, Calretinin and Myosin IIa immunohistochemistry.Results: At 100 microM dose, CDDP caused cytotoxicity on cochlear cells predominantly via necrosis. In co-culture, MSCs decreased cochlear cell damage of CDDP. In co-culture the ratio of Math1 and calretinin positive cells were increased supporting the idea of differentiation of MSCs into immature hair cells. Conclusion:In this in vitro study, our data support that MSCs protects cochlear cells from CDDP cytotoxicity. MSC therapy might be a candidate cellular therapy approach to overcome CDDP ototoxicity. The mechanism seems to be via differentiation of MSCs into immature hair cells. Our next step is to plan in vivo nude mice neuroblastoma animal model comparing CDDP therapy with and without systemic MSC administration and check ototoxicity.