Despite advances in pharmacologic options for the management of surgical pain, there appears to have been little or no overall improvement over the last two decades in the level of pain experienced by patients. The importance of adequate and effective surgical pain management, however, is clear, because inadequate pain control 1) has a wide range of undesirable physiologic and immunologic effects; 2) is associated with poor surgical outcomes; 3) has increased probability of readmission; and 4) adversely affects the overall cost of care as well as patient satisfaction. There is a clear unmet need for a national surgical pain management consensus task force to raise awareness and develop best practice guidelines for improving surgical pain management, patient safety, patient satisfaction, rapid postsurgical recovery, and health economic outcomes. To comprehensively address this need, the multidisciplinary Surgical Pain Congress™ has been established. The inaugural meeting of this Congress (March 8 to 10, 2013, Celebration, Florida) evaluated the current surgical pain management paradigm and identified key components of best practices.

ObjectiveTo summarise the extent and quality of evidence on the association between prison cell spatial density (a measure of crowding) and infectious and communicable diseases transmission among prisoners.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesEmbase, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycExtra, ProQuest Databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Index to Legal Periodicals, InformitOnline, Cochrane Library, Criminal Justice Abstracts and ICONDA were searched to 31 December 2018.Eligibility criteriaStudies that reported on the association between prison cell spatial density (measured in square feet or square metres of cell floor area per person) and infectious and communicable diseases in juvenile and adult populations incarcerated in a correctional facility.Data extraction and synthesisA review protocol was developed in consultation with an advisory panel. Two reviewers independently extracted data and used the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) checklist to critically appraise individual studies. An assessment of the overall body of the evidence was conducted using the NHMRC’s Evidence Scale and Statement Form.ResultsA total of 5126 articles were initially identified with seven included in the review from Pakistan (2003), Chile (2016), Nigeria (2012, 2013) and the USA (1980s). Infectious and communicable disease outcomes included pneumococcal disease/acute pneumonia,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, infectious skin conditions and contagious disease reporting to the prison clinic. Five articles reported statistically significant positive associations but were countered by associations possibly being explained by chance, bias or confounding factors. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.ConclusionOverall, the body of evidence provides some support for an association between prison cell special density and infectious and communicable diseases, but care should be taken in the interpretation and transferability of the findings. Future research and policy responses should adequately consider prospective mediating factors implicated in associations between cell spatial density and health effects.

For the perioperative nurse, the management of postsurgical pain includes various responsibilities, such as performing postsurgical pain assessments as an essential first step, facilitating recovery from surgery, and maximizing patient satisfaction during the postsurgical period. In addition, nurses are responsible for providing patient education regarding pain management, the quality of which may strongly influence patient satisfaction. External and internal challenges exist in perioperative care processes, however, and addressing these challenges will promote the overall goal of providing high-quality care.

Achievement of adequate postoperative pain management is a critical challenge in health care, with an estimated three out of four adult surgical patients reporting moderate to extreme pain after surgery. Overreliance on opioids in acute care settings has persisted, despite well-known adverse side effects frequently associated with this class of drugs. Furthermore, patients with a history of chronic opioid use present additional challenges in terms of postsurgical pain management. Advances in the development of newer analgesic agents and anesthetic techniques may be useful in surgical patients with a history of chronic opioid use and in the overall surgical patient population. Systemic inefficiencies and problematic medical practice patterns can also have negative effects on perioperative pain management. As the surgical patient's primary advocate, perioperative nurses play an important role in overcoming these diverse challenges and addressing the problems associated with inadequately controlled postsurgical pain.

Background and Purpose Understanding the factors contributing to the variability in postoperative pain and function following lumbar spine surgeries (LSS) is necessary to plan inpatient rehabilitation and optimize surgical outcomes. In particular, variability due to age and gender has not been studied. This study's aim was to evaluate the variability in postoperative pain and function, during hospital stay, due to age and gender following LSS. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 585 patients who underwent LSS during their hospital stay. Univariate ANCOVA was performed to study the differences in postoperative pain, and multivariate ANCOVA was performed to study the differences in postoperative function (gait distance, independency combined score, and balance combined score) between age groups (older adults [≥65 years of age] vs. younger adults) and gender. Results Younger patients reported statistically, but not clinically, significant higher postoperative pain than older patients (β = 0.652 [95% CI (0.382–0.986)], p < 0.001), and males reported statistically, but not clinically, significant lower postoperative pain than female patients (β = −0.583 [95% CI (−0.825 to −0.252)], p < 0.001) with adjustment of covariates. Male patients walked significantly longer distance than female patients (β = 0.272 [95% CI (0.112–0.432)], p = 0.001) with adjustment of covariates. However, these were clinically insignificant. With adjustment of preoperative diagnosis, type of surgery, severity of illness, and prior level of function, there was no statistically significant difference between age groups in walking distance, and between age and gender groups in independency combined score and balance combined scores. Discussion Following LSS, the difference in postoperative pain between age groups and gender are statistically but not clinically significant, suggesting patients require similar effective postoperative pain management regardless of age and gender. The apparent difference in age and gender in postoperative functional outcomes could be due to other factors.