7Five carrier media with different shapes (spherical and cylindrical), sizes, voidage and 8 protected surface areas (112-610 m 2 /m 3 ) were studied in a pilot scale moving bed 9 biofilm reactor (MBBR). This study aimed at assessing start-up duration using biofilm 10 formation rates. Results indicated that the spherical media required shorter periods to 11 achieve stable biofilm formation rates associated with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 12(15-17 days), compared to cylindrical high surface area media (23-24 days). Protected 13 surface area presented weaker correlations with the biofilm formation rate for COD 14 (R 2 = 0.83) and ammonia removal (R 2 = 0.76). However, good correlations were 15 observed with a combination of the media physical factors: dimensionality (Di), 16 voidage (Voi), and hydraulic efficiency (HE) strongly correlated with biofilm formation 17 rates for heterotrophic (R 2 = 0.95) and nitrifying bacteria (R 2 = 0.92). This study 18proposes that the media physical properties can contribute to shortening start-up, 19contributing to improved removal rates and fast commissioning of MBBRs. 20 21
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