The major genital responses of arousal in women are vasocongestion, resulting in tumescence of the vaginal walls, and vaginal lubrication, facilitating penile intromission and thrusting. During orgasm, several involuntary muscular reactions occur, the most adaptive being in the outer third of the vagina and the uterus. Uterine suction of the ejaculate seems to occur when the reproductive apparatus is functioning at full efficiency. Coitus may result in reflex ovulation. Indices of female nonhuman primate orgasm thus far proposed include rhythmic vaginal and anal contractions, hyperventilation, involuntary muscle tension, arm and leg spasms, grimacing, and uterine contractions. Orgasm in our species may exist as a result of phylogenetic inertia, not as a novel response selected duringprotohominid or hominid evolution. A theory for the evolutionary nature of orgasm in women states that the orgasmic vaginal contractions stimulate ejaculation. Reasons for the common asynchrony ofthis adaptive pattern are the usually lowered ejaculatory threshold because of non-species-typical orgasmic frequency in the male, and the frequently delayed female orgasm because of psychological inhibition and/or inadequate control and development of the pubococcygeus.
Meat-eating by wild chimpanzees has been reported by a number of workers during the last two decades. Direct observation probably underestimates the incidence, even though the behavior occurs relatively infrequently. In 1978, Moreno-Black suggested that fecal analysis over a long period of time is probably the most effective means to determine the incidence of this behavior in wild chimpanzees and other nonhuman primate groups. A method currently employed by a number of fieldworkers involves the recovery of the remains of a carnivorous meal in the animal's feces. This method, however, may also under represent the incidence because of 1) complete digestion of mammalian parts, 2) the unidentifiability of partially digested remains, and 3) the reingestion of feces. This paper reports the results of a laboratory study using a fecal test not subject to these limitations. The test is based on the biochemical detection of hematin, a derivative of hemaglobin which is found in all mammalian tissues. The results of this study reveal that hematin is a reliable indicator of meat consumption. The test is available in a commercially prepared kit, namely HEMOCULT, which was developed to detect clinically significant amounts of blood in the feces of human patients with presumptive gastrointestinal lesions. This kit has been evaluated with a view to its possible application in the field.
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