IntroductionBorrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb) infection, the most frequent tick-transmitted disease, is distributed worldwide. This study aimed to describe the global seroprevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of Bb in human populations.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and other sources for relevant studies of all study designs through 30 December 2021 with the following keywords: ‘Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato’ AND ‘infection rate’; and observational studies were included if the results of human Bb antibody seroprevalence surveys were reported, the laboratory serological detection method reported and be published in a peer-reviewed journal. We screened titles/abstracts and full texts of papers and appraised the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration-endorsed Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Data were synthesised narratively, stratified by different types of outcomes. We also conducted random effects meta-analysis where we had a minimum of two studies with 95% CIs reported. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021261362).ResultsOf 4196 studies, 137 were eligible for full-text screening, and 89 (158 287 individuals) were included in meta-analyses. The reported estimated global Bb seroprevalence was 14.5% (95% CI 12.8% to 16.3%), and the top three regions of Bb seroprevalence were Central Europe (20.7%, 95% CI 13.8% to 28.6%), Eastern Asia (15.9%, 95% CI 6.6% to 28.3%) and Western Europe (13.5%, 95% CI 9.5% to 18.0%). Meta-regression analysis showed that after eliminating confounding risk factors, the methods lacked western blotting (WB) confirmation and increased the risk of false-positive Bb antibody detection compared with the methods using WB confirmation (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.2). Other factors associated with Bb seropositivity include age ≥50 years (12.6%, 95% CI 8.0% to 18.1%), men (7.8%, 95% CI 4.6% to 11.9%), residence of rural area (8.4%, 95% CI 5.0% to 12.6%) and suffering tick bites (18.8%, 95% CI 10.1% to 29.4%).ConclusionThe reported estimated global Bb seropositivity is relatively high, with the top three regions as Central Europe, Western Europe and Eastern Asia. Using the WB to confirm Bb serological results could significantly improve the accuracy. More studies are needed to improve the accuracy of global Lyme borreliosis burden estimates.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021261362.
7929that except for 2,4,5-trithia[ 1.1.1 ]propellane, single determinant wave function treatments may not be appropriate for these species.B. Germanium and Tin Compounds. Since ECP calculations compare favorably with full ab initio results, only ECP results are reported for the heavier atoms. The most interesting electronic structural features found for C and Si are those in the trioxa species, so we limit ourselves to these and omit discussion of the sulfur analogues. The results of structures, energetics, and the TCSCF NOON of the germanium and tin trioxa[ 1.1 .l]propellane derivatives are listed in Tables I-IV along with the carbon and silicon analogues. Because the essential conclusions drawn for Ge and Sn compounds (3 and 4 with M = Ge, Sn and L = 0) are the same as those discussed above for C and Si, only the key features of these species will be addressed.In both the germanium and tin analogues of 3 (L = 0) extremely short bridgehead M-M distances are found at the RHF, ROHF, and TCSCF levels of theory. These bridgehead M-M distances are not significantly affected by the additions of hydrogens across the bridgehead centers (cf. Tables I and 11). Indeed, the differences between the M-M distances in the propellanes 3 and the bicyclopentane 4 analogues are less than 0.1 A for both M = Ge and Sn. Furthermore, differences among the three levels of theory (RHF, ROHF, and TCSCF) in the corresponding M-M bridgehead distances are within 0.1 A. These results are similar to those found in the silicon analogues of 3 and 4. The RHF/SBK(d) geometric results for 3 (M = Ge, L = 0)and the corresponding bicyclopentane analogue are essentially identical with those calculated by Nagase and Kudo'3a using the 3-21G(d) basis set at the R H F level of theory. The percent diradical character and the singlet-triplet splittings for Sn (2896, 22.0 kcal mol-') and Ge (25%, 29 kcal mol-') are also similar to those discussed above (36%, 20.7 kcal mol-') for the Si analogue of 3. IV. ConclusionsIn this study, ab initio molecular orbital theory has been used to investigate the structure and bonding of sulfur and oxygen propellane derivatives (3) and their bicyclopentane analogues (4) with RHF, ROHF, and TCSCF wave functions. We have found that the M = Si, Ge, and Sn species possess unusually short bridgehead distances. However, this does not result in significant bonding interactions, as shown by the TCSCF calculations and total density plots. For M = C, TCSCF calculations and total density analyses suggest substantial bridgehead bonding only in the L = S system. We have found excellent agreement in structures and energetics between ECP calculations and the 6-3 1G(d) all-electron calculations.Abstract: The rotational energy surfaces of all stereoisomers of I-aza-, 2-aza-, 1,3-diaza-, 1 ,Cdiaza-, and 2,3-diaza-1,3-butadienes and 1 -phospha-, 2-phospha-, 1,3-diphospha-, 1,4-diphospha-, and 2,3-diphospha-1,3-butadienes were calculated at the MP2/6-3 1 G*//HF/6-3 1 G* level. Rotational barriers and all local minima were rigorously located and ...
The structures of a series of heterosubstituted methylenecyclopropenes and methylenecyclopropanes were optimized at the HF/6–31G* level. All methylenecyclopropenes are planar except for the silicon analogue, which is bent at both C‐3 and Si. The planar silicon structure is a transition state. The relative aromaticity of these compounds were evaluated using the C‐1C‐3 bond length, the integrated charge on C‐3 and the heteroatom, and delocalization energy. Second‐row systems have slightly larger delocalization energies than their first‐row counterparts, owing to their larger polarizability. Using these criteria, methylenecyclopropene and the silicon analogue are not aromatic and the N, O, P and S analogues are moderately aromatic. The planar silicon analogue is antiaromatic and bends from planarity to reduce this antiaromaticity.
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