IntroductionEnterococcus is responsible for 10% of hospital-acquired infections. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) isolates in Iran using a meta-analysis method.Materials and methodsIranian databases, including Magiran and IranDoc, and international databases, including PubMed and MedLib, were examined carefully, and a total of 20 articles published between 2000 and 2011 were extracted. The data were subjected to meta-analysis and random-effects models. In addition, heterogeneous studies were assessed using the I2 index. Finally, the data were analyzed using R and STATA software.ResultsThe results showed that the strain of Enterococcus faecalis had been more common than Enterococcus faecium in clinical infection (69% vs 28%). However, resistance to vancomycin was higher among strains of E. faecium compared with strains of E. faecalis (33% vs 3%). The complete resistance, intermediate resistance, and sensitivity to vancomycin among Enterococcus isolates were 14% (95% CI: 11, 18), 14% (95% CI: 5, 23), and 74% (95% CI: 65, 83), respectively. The resistance patterns, depending on the sample type, did not show a significant difference. In addition, the resistance of isolated strains to vancomycin in outpatients was significantly higher than that in inpatients (16% vs 1%). Moreover, 80%–86% of resistant strains were genotype van A and 14%–20% of resistant strains were genotype van B.ConclusionThe findings of the present review show that there is a high frequency of resistant Enterococcus in Iran. Therefore, consideration of the prevalence and frequency of subjected resistant strains can be helpful for decision makers to implement proper health policies in this direction.

An approximation of the fractional Brownian motion based on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is used to obtain an asymptotic likelihood function. Two estimators of the Hurst index are then presented in the likelihood approach. The first estimator is produced according to the observed values of the sample path; while the second one employs the likelihood function of the incremental process. We also employ visual roughness of realization to restrict the parameter space and to obtain prior information in Bayesian approach. The methods are then compared with three contemporary estimators and an experimental data set is studied.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract