21Biotin, an important co-factor for carboxylases, is essential for all kingdoms of life. Since 22 native biotin synthesis does not always suffice for fast growth and product formation, microbial 23 cultivation in research and industry often requires supplementation of biotin. De novo biotin 24 biosynthesis in yeasts is not fully understood, which hinders attempts to optimize the pathway 25 in these industrially relevant microorganisms. Previous work based on laboratory evolution of 26
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