This article aims to explain the movement of Indonesian diaspora and their initiative to create multifarious new activities in today�s globalized era. Focusing on Indonesian diaspora organizations in Europe, namely Indonesian Diaspora Networks (IDN) in the Netherlands and France who are eager to come together, build organizations based on a common identity, and contribute to Indonesia. The newly-emerged concept of hometown transnationalism is used to explain the phenomenon in which collective remittances through development projects are the main output of diasporas� contribution. Qualitative method is applied to this study through a set of in-depth interviews, a study of life history, and literature review completed by site visits to observe diasporas� works. The results of this study show that the emergence of various diaspora organizations is the impact of the increasingly rapid movement of people and technological developments, thus encouraging the diaspora to be more connected to their hometowns. Both IDNs play a vital role in realizing diaspora's aspirations to develop Indonesia through multifarious ways. Keywords: diaspora organizations, hometown transnationalism, Indonesian diaspora, Indonesian diaspora networks
Summary Many Indonesian diasporas in the Netherlands have established culinary businesses for both economic purposes and out of a sense of nostalgia for their home country by emphasising Indonesian food authenticity and the richness of spices in their new home. The Netherlands, with its strong historical links with Indonesia, plays a pivotal role in Indonesian gastrodiplomacy. However, the Indonesian government has not yet paid attention to the importance of harnessing the existence of diasporas and targeting the Netherlands as a strategic country of implementation in the context of strengthening Indonesian gastrodiplomacy. This article suggests that Indonesian diasporas, through representation in restaurants, could be a ‘frontline messenger’ in introducing Indonesian foods to the Netherlands and be the anchor of gastrodiplomacy. While Indonesia is now strategising gastrodiplomacy, diasporas are of the utmost importance in winning the hearts and minds of the public.
Transisi politik di tahun 2011 mendorong Myanmar untuk menjadi negara yang lebih demokratis. Pemilihan umum pada tahun 2010 telah mengubah sistem pemerintahan Myanmar dari dominasi militer junta menuju pemerintahan sipil di bawah Presiden terpilih, U Thein Sein. Kondisi ini mendorong Myanmar untuk melakukan perbaikan kualitas demokrasi dengan segera. Hal ini juga dilihat sebagai kesempatan bagi Uni Eropa sebagai aktor normatif untuk mempromosikan norma-norma demokrasi dan sampai batas tertentu, memberikan kontribusi untuk peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar. Menggunakan metodologi kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa sejauh mana kontribusi Uni Eropa dalam promosi demokrasi telah membawa peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar dengan berpedoman pada tiga model promosi demokrasi, yakni linkage, leverage, dan governance. Penelitian ini juga bermaksud untuk menentukan model mana yang dianggap paling efektif bagi Uni Eropa untuk peningkatan demokrasi di Myanmar. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat dikatakan bahwa Uni Eropa telah berkontribusi dalam peningkatan demokrasi dimana model linkage dan governance dianggap sebagai cara paling efektif untuk mempromosikan demokrasi di negara tersebut. Namun, model leverage dianggap sulit untuk digunakan dalam implementasi promosi demokrasi di Myanmar. Beberapa komponen dalam model ini tidak dapat diaplikasikan sepenuhnya ketika berbicara tentang persyaratan politik sebagai instrumen untuk promosi demokrasi. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh sejauh ini apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap Myanmar tidak memberlakukan persyaratan politik.Kata kunci: model promosi demokrasi Uni Eropa; aktor normatif; Myanmar
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