2. TC-more years tended to have warm SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific.3. The ISO had a positive effect to steer typhoon movements toward Taiwan.
Since literacy is essential for learning, one of the main purposes of elementary school is to enhance students' literacy skills. In many countries, it's quite common to use an interactive whiteboard in class, and Taiwan is no exception. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using an interactive whiteboard to teach picture books. A mixed-method approach was used in this study. Interactive whiteboards were used to teach picture books to four classes at an elementary school. A pre-and post-test were used to evaluate the increases in the vocabulary of the students. Furthermore, the four participating teachers were interviewed to determine their views on using an interactive whiteboard to teach picture books. The results indicate that using the interactive whiteboard in the lower grades increases the students' interest in reading at school and improves their level of literacy. Based on the results, some suggestions are provided for schools.
Interannual variability of summer (June–August) tropical cyclones (TCs) in the northwestern North Pacific (NP) region (120°–135°E, 20°–35°N) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit four asymmetric ENSO‐TC relationships. The major relationship types are El Niño‐enhanced and La Niña‐suppressed, while the minor relationship types are El Niño‐suppressed and La Niña‐enhanced. The major modulatory processes for the El Niño‐enhanced type feature an elongated anomalous cyclone extending from the tropical western NP (WNP) northwestward toward the northwestern NP. This feature intensifies TC formation in the tropical WNP and guides them northward/northwestward increasing TC frequency in the northwestern NP. The El Niño‐suppressed type has its anomalous cyclone displacing eastward in the tropical WNP with an accompanying anomalous anticyclone across the northwestern NP. TC formation reduces in the tropical WNP and TC movement is blocked toward the northwestern NP, resulting in decreased TC frequency. The La Niña‐suppressed type features a dominant elongated anomalous anticyclone in the WNP to suppress TC formation and movement toward the northwestern NP, yielding reduced TC frequency. The La Niña‐enhanced type contains an anomalous anticyclone south of 20°N in the tropical WNP in company with an anomalous cyclone over the northwestern NP. Under this anomalous cyclone, enhanced TC formation and movement in the northwestern NP result in increased TC frequency. For all relationship types, 30–60‐day intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) anomalies feature a dominant anomalous cyclone over the WNP providing favourable conditions that guide TC movement toward its central region over the northwestern NP. Both ENSO and ISO make positive contributions that increase TC frequency in the northwestern NP for the El Niño‐enhanced and La Niña‐enhanced types. ENSO is the major factor reducing TC frequency in the El Niño‐suppressed and La Niña‐suppressed types.
Taiwan experiences a distinct seasonal transition in fall from the summer to winter monsoon. In October, the northeasterly monsoon impinges on Taiwan's Central Mountain Range producing heavy rainfall in eastern Taiwan. In addition to monsoonal influences, tropical cyclones (TCs) move along the Western Pacific warm pool to the south and southwest of Taiwan over the 115 o -122 o E region.These are found to influence rainfall over eastern Taiwan by enhancing the meridional pressure gradient with the resultant northeasterly flows moving toward Taiwan. During TC warning periods, this meridional pressure gradient on maximum rainfall day over northeastern Taiwan (Ilan) is strong for TCs with a northern track (north of 19 o N) and weak for those with a southern track (south of 19 o N). For TCs with a northern track, intensified northeasterly flows merge with cyclonic flows in the northern sector of a TC-related low centered in the South China Sea (SCS). Flow confluences and moisture flux convergence occur over Taiwan causing strong rainfall over eastern Taiwan, but immediately to the west of Taiwan in relation to weak rainfall over eastern Taiwan. For TCs with a southern track, moisture flux convergence shifts southward over the SCS, leading to very weak rainfall over Taiwan. Rainfall variability in different interaction types is mainly determined by the 3-10-day transient mode. The major effect of 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) mode is to provide favorable conditions due to large-scale cyclonic anomalies across the SCS and tropical western North Pacific. These conditions steer westward TC movement over oceans to the south and southwest of Taiwan.
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