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The qualitative analysis of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan-shen in Chinese) was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). Tanshinones are the major bioactive constituents of Dan-shen, which is used in China for the treatment of haematological abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases. The ESI-MS(n) fragmentation behavior of tanshinones was investigated. For tanshinones with the tanshinone I nucleus, the fragmentation was triggered by loss of a molecule of CO except bearing a substituent at C17 or C18, followed by sequential eliminations of CO. If C(15-16) was a saturated bond, the fragmentation was triggered by elimination of a molecule of H2O. For tanshinones with the tanshinone IIA nucleus, the fragmentation was triggered by loss of a molecule of H2O, followed by successive eliminations of CO. Ions corresponding to loss of a molecule of propylene (Delta m = 42) were also observed. Moreover, when C(15-16) was a saturated bond, ions corresponding to losses of CH3, H2O and propylene were more abundant. If no D-ring existed, the presence of isopropyl resulted in an elimination of a molecule of H2O with an adjacent CO or OH. In addition, the extension of the pi-conjugation in the A-ring (especially at C(1-2)) induced the fragmentation by loss of a molecule of CO. These fragmentation rules were applied to the identification of tanshinones in a chloroform/methanol (3:7) extract of Dan-shen, which was separated on a C18 column with gradient elution. A total of 27 tanshinones were identified, including five new constituents. The established method could be used for the sensitive and rapid identification of tanshinones in the Dan-shen drug and its pharmaceutical preparations.

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An efficient process based on the gold-catalyzed redox reaction has been developed to oxidize 1,2-diarylacetylene or ynamide to 1,2-diaryldiketone or α-keto imide respectively. This process can tolerate a variety of functional groups and affords 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.