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The mechanical and micro-structural properties of cortical bovine bone have been extensively studied due to the fact that its micro-structural components would significantly reflect the global mechanical behavior of the bone. The objective of this paper is to study the elastic modulus and hardness of a bovine cortical bone, in both longitudinal and transverse directions by using nano-indentation technique. The moduli in the longitudinal and transverse directions were recorded as 16.23 GPa and 10.26 GPa, respectively. While the hardness readings in the longitudinal and transverse directions were 0.505 GPa and 0.387 GPa, respectively.According to the result shown, it is suggested that heterogeneous properties of the bone is assumed and the measurements of their properties are highly dependent on tissue types, anatomical location and bone mineral content distribution.

In 61 prostate autopsy specimens, linear array transrectal ultrasound and electronic vernier calipers were used to measure 3 maximal diameters along the longitudinal, anterior-posterior and transverse axes. The results were comparable. We assessed the reliability of empirical formulae, derived from various combinations of these 3 diameters, for the prediction of prostatic volume and weight. Formulae using all 3 diameters were accurate. The combination of longitudinal and anterior-posterior diameters, which was used clinically for prostate measurement, was less accurate.