Motivation: Extensive DNA sequencing of tumor and matched normal samples using exome and whole-genome sequencing technologies has enabled the discovery of recurrent genetic alterations in cancer cells, but variability in stromal contamination and subclonal heterogeneity still present a severe challenge to available detection algorithms. Results: Here, we describe publicly available software, Shimmer, which accurately detects somatic single-nucleotide variants using statistical hypothesis testing with multiple testing correction. This program produces somatic single-nucleotide variant predictions with significantly higher sensitivity and accuracy than other available software when run on highly contaminated or heterogeneous samples, and it gives comparable sensitivity and accuracy when run on samples of high purity.
Osteopontin (OPN), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are overexpressed in various experimental models of malignancy. However, the correlation and role of the three molecules in gastric cancer is unclear. In the present study, we found that OPN, COX-2 and VEGF were overexpressed in 53 cancerous tissues with gastric cancer compared with 40 normal mucosa tissues by immunohistochemistry method. Moreover, the results indicated co-expression of OPN, COX-2, and VEGF in gastric cancer. Levels of OPN, COX-2, and VEGF were all significantly correlated with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.05), while not related to prognosis of patients. In addition, individual levels of OPN, COX-2, and VEGF were all significantly correlated with microvessel density (MVD), valued by CD34 staining directly with r-values of 0.416, 0.400, and 0.566, respectively (P < 0.01). Both OPN and COX-2 levels showed a positive correlation with VEGF (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, expression of COX-2 is in relation to OPN (P < 0.01). Overall, survival for patients with high MVD was significantly lower than for patients with low MVD (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that OPN, COX-2, and VEGF synergically promote angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric cancer. It may be an important and useful strategy to target these molecules for prevention and therapy of tumor.
Graphitic carbon
nitride has emerged as a promising material for
high-performance membranes with both filtration and catalytic abilities.
However, the scalable construction of carbon-nitride-based membranes
is seriously restricted by the poor ability to tailor the structure
and poor solvent solubility of bulk nanostructures. Herein, carbon
nitride sol was prepared in high yield and used as a precursor to
assemble photo-Fenton-like membranes. Intermolecular hydrogen-bond
interactions between carbon nitride nanofibers were found to be vitally
important for the repolymerization of hydrolyzed molecules into dense
and solid membranes. Intercalated Fe-containing polyoxometalates (Fe-POMs)
not only acted as molecular linkers to construct carbon nitride membranes
but also provided new opportunities for the catalytic functionality.
Benefiting from the hydrophobic nanocapillaries in 2D carbon nitride
for ultralow water–carbon friction, self-assembled membranes
effectively rejected pollutant molecules with high water permeation
flux. The integration of carbon nitride photocatalysts with Fenton-like
Fe-POMs contributed to the in situ degradation of retained pollutants.
Thus, our work manifested a facile bottom-up strategy to construct
photo-Fenton-like membranes with antifouling abilities for wastewater
treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.