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• Lower GVHD after haploidentical transplant with posttransplant cyclophosphamide compared with HLA-matched unrelated donor transplant.• Comparable overall survival after haploidentical compared with matched unrelated donor transplant for AML.We studied adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after haploidentical (n 5 192) and 8/8 HLA-matched unrelated donor (n 5 1982) transplantation. Haploidentical recipients received calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), mycophenolate, and posttransplant cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis; 104 patients received myeloablative and 88 received reduced intensity conditioning regimens. Matched unrelated donor transplant recipients received CNI with mycophenolate or methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis; 1245 patients received myeloablative and 737 received reduced intensity conditioning regimens. In the myeloablative setting, day 30 neutrophil recovery was lower after haploidentical compared with matched unrelated donor transplants (90% vs 97%, P 5 .02). Corresponding rates after reduced intensity conditioning transplants were 93% and 96% (P 5 .25). In the myeloablative setting, 3-month acute grade 2-4 (16% vs 33%, P < .0001) and 3-year chronic GVHD (30% vs 53%, P < .0001) were lower after haploidentical compared with matched unrelated donor transplants. Similar differences were observed after reduced intensity conditioning transplants, 19% vs 28% (P 5 .05) and 34% vs 52% (P 5 .002). Among patients receiving myeloablative regimens, 3-year probabilities of overall survival were 45% (95% CI, 36-54) and 50% (95% CI, 47-53) after haploidentical and matched unrelated donor transplants (P 5 .38). Corresponding rates after reduced intensity conditioning transplants were 46% (95% CI, 35-56) and 44% (95% CI, 0.40-47) (P 5 .71). Although statistical power is limited, these data suggests that survival for patients with AML after haploidentical transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide is comparable with matched unrelated donor transplantation. (Blood. 2015;126(8):1033-1040

The outcomes of 293 patients with leukemia undergoing HLA-identical sibling (n ‫؍‬ 158) or related HLA-mismatched (n ‫؍‬ 135) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) performed during the same time period were compared. Patients received BUCY2 in HLA-identical sibling HCT or BUCY2 ؉ ATG in mismatched HCT as conditioning regimens, followed by unmanipulated marrow and/or peripheral blood (PB) transplantation. All patients achieved full engraftment. The cumulative incidences of grades II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in the matched and mismatched cohorts were 32% (CI, 25%-39%) versus 40% (CI, 32%-48%, P ‫؍‬ .13), respectively, with the relative risk (RR) ‫؍‬ 0.64 (95% CI, 0.43-0.94), P ‫؍‬ .02. The incidence of chronic GVHD did not differ significantly between the cohorts (P ‫؍‬ .97). Two-year incidences of treatment-related mortality and relapse for matched versus mismatched were 14% (range, 9%-20%) versus 22% (range, 15%-29%) with P ‫؍‬ .10 and 13% (range, 8%-19%) versus 18% (range, 10%-27%) with P ‫؍‬ .40, respectively. Two-year adjusted leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival were 71% (range, 63%-78%) versus 64% (range, 54%-73%) with P ‫؍‬ .27 and 72% (range, 64%-79%) versus 71% (range, 62%-77%) with P ‫؍‬ .72, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that only advanced disease stage and a diagnosis of acute leukemia had increased risk of relapse, treatment failure, and overall mortality. In summary, HCT performed with related HLA-mismatched donors is a feasible approach with acceptable outcomes. (Blood. 2006;107:3065-3073)

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Myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disorder incurable with conventional strategies. Several small series have reported long-term disease free survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. In this study, we analyze the outcomes of 289 patients receiving allogeneic transplantation for primary myelofibrosis between 1989 and 2002, from the database of the Center for International Bone Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). The median age was 47 years (range 18-73 years). Donors were HLA identical siblings in 162 patients, unrelated individuals in 101 patients, and HLA non-identical family members in 26 patients. Patients were treated with a variety of conditioning regimens and graft versus host disease prophylaxis regimens. Splenectomy was performed in 65 patients prior to transplantation. The 100-day transplant related mortality was 18% for HLA identical sibling transplants, 35% for unrelated transplants, and 19% for transplants from alternative related donors. Corresponding 5 year overall survival rates were 37%, 30%, and 40% respectively. Disease-free survival rates were 33%, 27% and 22% respectively. Disease-free survival for patients receiving reduced intensity transplants was comparable, 39% for HLA identical sibling donors and 17% for unrelated donors at three years. In this large retrospective series, allogeneic transplantation for myelofibrosis resulted in long-term relapse-free survival in about one-third of patients.

Recipients of cord-blood transplants from HLA-identical siblings have a lower incidence of acute and chronic GVHD than recipients of bone marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings.

Purpose T-cell-replete HLA-haploidentical donor hematopoietic transplantation using post-transplant cyclophosphamide was originally described using bone marrow (BM). With increasing use of mobilized peripheral blood (PB), we compared transplant outcomes after PB and BM transplants. Patients and MethodsA total of 681 patients with hematologic malignancy who underwent transplantation in the United States between 2009 and 2014 received BM (n = 481) or PB (n = 190) grafts. Cox regression models were built to examine differences in transplant outcomes by graft type, adjusting for patient, disease, and transplant characteristics. ResultsHematopoietic recovery was similar after transplantation of BM and PB (28-day neutrophil recovery, 88% v 93%, P = .07; 100-day platelet recovery, 88% v 85%, P = .33). Risks of grade 2 to 4 acute (hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; P , .001) and chronic (HR, 0.35; P , .001) graft-versus-host disease were lower with transplantation of BM compared with PB. There were no significant differences in overall survival by graft type (HR, 0.99; P = .98), with rates of 54% and 57% at 2 years after transplantation of BM and PB, respectively. There were no differences in nonrelapse mortality risks (HR, 0.92; P = .74) but relapse risks were higher after transplantation of BM (HR, 1.49; P = .009). Additional exploration confirmed that the higher relapse risks after transplantation of BM were limited to patients with leukemia (HR, 1.73; P = .002) and not lymphoma (HR, 0.87; P = .64). ConclusionPB and BM grafts are suitable for haploidentical transplantation with the post-transplant cyclophosphamide approach but with differing patterns of treatment failure. Although, to our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive comparison, these findings must be validated in a randomized prospective comparison with adequate follow-up.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) remains a major therapeutic challenge. We studied outcomes of 1788 AML patients relapsing after alloHCT (1990–2010) during first or second complete remission (CR) to identify factors associated with longer post-relapse survival. Median time of post HCT relapse was 7 months (mo; range, 1–177). At relapse, 1231 patients (69%) received intensive therapy, including chemotherapy (CT) alone (n=660), donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI)±CT (n=202; %), or 2nd alloHCT±CT ±DLI (n=369), with subsequent CR rates of 29%. Median follow-up after relapse was 39 mo (range, <1–193). Survival for all patients was 23% at 1 year post-relapse; however, 3-yr overall survival correlated with time from HCT to relapse (4% for relapse during 1–6 mo period, 12% during 6 mo-2 yr, 26% during 2–3 yr, and 38% for ≥3 yr). In multivariable analysis, lower mortality was significantly associated with longer time from alloHCT to relapse (RR 0.55 for 6 mo-2 yr, RR 0.39 for 2–3 yr, and RR 0.28 for ≥3 yr; p<0.0001) and a 1st HCT using reduced-intensity conditioning (RR=0.77; 95% CI 0.66–0.88, p=0.0002). In contrast, inferior survival was associated with age >40 yr (RR=1.42, 95% CI 1.24–1.64; p<0.0001), active GVHD at relapse (RR=1.25, 95% CI 1.13–1.39; p<0.0001), adverse cytogenetics (RR=1.37, 95% CI 1.09–1.71; p=0.0062), mismatched URD (RR=1.61, 95% CI 1.22–2.13; p=0.0008), and use of cord blood for 1st HCT (RR=1.23, 95% CI 1.06–1.42; p=0.0078). AML relapse after alloHCT predicted poor survival; however, patients who relapsed ≥6 mo after their initial alloHCT had better survival and may benefit from intensive therapy such as 2nd alloHCT±DLI.