The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

565 transfection, cells were collected and processed for CAT or luciferase activity using standard techniques 14 . GST pull downs and immunoprecipitationsGST±Rb (wild type and mutants 15) and other GST fusion proteins were expressed and puri®ed from Escherichia coli XA90 (ref. 16). GST fusion proteins that were immobilized on glutathione-sepharose (Pharmacia), or H3-derived peptides 3 bound to Sulfolink beads (Pierce), were incubated with extract in IPH buffer 16 . Complexes were washed four times in IPH buffer before processing for methylase assays or western blotting. Antibodies against HA (12CA5, Roche), Gal4±DBD (DNA-binding domain; sc-510, Santa Cruz), SUV39H1 (M. Cleary), Rb (G3-245; XZ55, PharMingen) or HP1 (ref. 3) were used. For immunoprecipitations antibodies were incubated with HeLa nuclear extract (Cell Culture Center) or U2OS nuclear extract in IPH buffer at 4 8C (ref. 17). After 2 h a 50:50 mixture of protein A/G-sepharose beads (Pharmacia) was added. To avoid the possibility that DNA mediates the interaction between SUV39H1 and Rb, the immunoprecipitations were probed for the presence of histones with negative results. Histone methylase assays and protein sequencingPrecipitations from pull downs or immunoprecipitations were incubated with 20 mg histones (Sigma) and 1 ml [3H-Me]-S-adenosyl methionine (NEN, 80 Ci mmol -1 ) in PBS at 30 8C for 1 h. Assays were analysed by SDS±PAGE followed by western blotting and autoradiography or were spotted onto P-81 cationic exchange paper (Whatman), washed in carbonate buffer and quanti®ed by scintillation counting 3 . For amino-terminal sequencing, radiolabelled H3 was blotted to polyvinylidene¯uoride and sequenced by Edman degradation (Protein Sequencing Facility, University of Cambridge). We counted fractions for the presence of tritium. RNA puri®cation and RT-PCR analysisTotal RNA (0.5 mg) was isolated from W12 (wild type) and D3 (SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 double knockout; D.O. and T.J., unpublished observations) female mouse cells, and was used for quantitative RT-PCR, following the Qiagen One Step protocol, for 20, 25 and 30 PCR cycles. Antibody generationRabbits were immunized with a H3 N-terminal lysine-methylated peptide corresponding to amino acids 1±16. Immunoreactive serum was applied to a H3 Lys-9-methylated peptide column to af®nity purify speci®c antibodies, as the antiserum crossreacted with H3 methylated at Lys 4. Chromatin immunoprecipitationChromatin immunoprecipitations were performed using HeLa cells and MEF cells essentially as described 18,19 . Immunoprecipitates were analysed for the presence of cyclin E or Cdc25C promoter fragments by PCR using primers speci®c for single nucleosomes. PCR reactions were repeated exhaustively using varying cycle numbers and different amounts of templates to ensure that results were within the linear range of the PCR. Cell 92, 463±473 (1998). 8. Firestein, R., Cui, X., Huie, P. & Cleary, M. L. Set domain-dependent regulation of transcriptional silencing and growth control by SUV39H1, a mammalian ortholog of Dro...

Although ruxolitinib improves splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis (MF), a substantial proportion of patients discontinue ruxolitinib because of intolerance. This phase 2 trial investigated the safety and efficacy of jaktinib, a novel JAK inhibitor in patients with ruxolitinib‐intolerant MF. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with ≥35% reduction in spleen volume (SVR35) at week 24. The secondary endpoints included change of MF‐related symptoms, anemic response, and safety profiles. Between December 18, 2019, and November 24, 2021, 51 patients were enrolled, 45 treated with jaktinib 100 mg bid (100 mg bid group) and six received non‐100 mg bid doses (non‐100 mg bid group). The SVR35 at week 24 in the 100 mg bid group was 43.2% (19/44, 95% CI 29.7%–57.8%). There were 41.9% (13/31) of transfusion‐independent patients with hemoglobin (HGB) ≤100 g/L who had HGB elevation ≥20 g/L within 24 weeks. The proportion of patients with a ≥50% decrease in the total symptom score (TSS 50) at week 24 was 61.8% (21/34). The most commonly reported grade ≥3 treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in the 100 mg bid group were anemia 31.1%, thrombocytopenia 22.2%, and infectious pneumonia 17.8%. A total of 16 (35.6%) in the 100 mg bid group had serious adverse events, and 4 (8.9%) were considered possibly drug related. These results indicate jaktinib can provide a treatment option for patients with MF who are intolerant to ruxolitinib.

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BackgroundAdult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous malignant tumor with poor prognosis. However, accurate prognostic stratification factors are still unclear.MethodsData from 90 adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) patients were collected. The association of gene mutations detected by next-generation sequencing and clinical characteristics with the outcomes of T-ALL/LBL patients were retrospectively analyzed to build three novel risk stratification models through Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsForty-seven mutated genes were identified. Here, 73.3% of patients had at least one mutation, and 36.7% had ≥3 mutations. The genes with higher mutation frequency were NOTCH1, FBXW7, and DNMT3A. The most frequently altered signaling pathways were NOTCH pathway, transcriptional regulation pathway, and DNA methylation pathway. Age (45 years old), platelet (PLT) (50 G/L), actate dehydrogenase (LDH) (600 U/L), response in D19-BMR detection, TP53 and cell cycle signaling pathway alterations, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were integrated into a risk stratification model of event-free survival (EFS). Age (45 years old), white blood cell (WBC) count (30 G/L), response in D19-BMR detection, TP53 and cell cycle signaling pathway alterations, and HSCT were integrated into a risk stratification model of overall survival (OS). According to our risk stratification models, the 1-year EFS and OS rates in the low-risk group were significantly higher than those in the high-risk group.ConclusionsOur risk stratification models exhibited good prognostic roles in adult T-ALL/LBL patients and might guide individualized treatment and ultimately improve their outcomes.