Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common serious metabolic disorders in humans that develops due to diminished production of insulin (type I) or resistance to its effect (type II and gestational). The present study was designed to determine the neuropsychological deficits produced following streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Rats were made diabetic by the intra-peritoneal administration of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) which induces type-1 diabetes by the destruction "β-cells" of pancreas. Body weight, food and water intake was monitored daily. Open field test (OFT) model, forced swim test (FST) and Morris water maze (MWM) model were performed for the evaluation of ambulation, depression-like symptoms and memory effects, respectively. After 10 days of diabetes induction the exploratory activity of rats was monitored by OFT while depression-like symptoms and memory effects in rats were analyzed by FST and MWM. Results showed that there was no significant effect of STZ-induced diabetes on body weight but food and water intake of STZ-induced diabetic rats was significantly increased. Exploratory activity was significantly decreased and short-term and long-term memory was significantly impaired while the depression-like symptoms was significantly increased in STZ diabetic rats. Thus, it may be suggested that STZ-induced diabetes alters the brain functions and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of certain behavioral deficits like depression, impaired learning and memory functions related to diabetes. This finding may be of relevance in the pathophysiology and in the clinical picture, which could be related to an altered brain serotonin metabolism and neurotransmission and may possibly be related to neuropsychiatric disorders in diabetic patients.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cervical stabilisation exercises on respiratory strength in chronic neck pain patients with forward head posture. The study was conducted from August 2020 to February 2021, at the Jinnah Hospital, Lahore; 44 patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to two groups—experimental group and control group—. Baseline measurement was taken for numeric pain rating scale, neck disability index, craniovertebral angle, single breath count, and spirometry and all the measurements were retaken at the completion of the fourth week. Results were not significant (p>0.05) before the treatment in both groups but post-intervention results revealed significant differences in both the groups (p<0.05), with the experimental group showing more improvement. Four weeks of cervical stabilisation with isometric exercises is more effective in the management of pain, forward head posture, neck disability and respiratory strength as compared with the four weeks of isometric exercises programme alone. Keywords: Stabilisation, neck pain, posture, respiratory strength.
Background The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) is a self-assessment tool for people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). This tool had been translated and validated in many languages but there is no Urdu version of CAIT available. Objective The aim was to translate the CAIT into the Urdu Language and determine its validity and reliability. Methods A standardized step-wise forward and backward translation process was followed. Content, construct, convergent validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability were determined. A pilot study was done on 10 patients with CAI. The final version was investigated in 120 patients (mean age 26.6 ± 4.8 yrs) with CAI for validity and test–retest reliability in which 105 participants filled the questionnaire in the second week. Internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha. Intraclass correlation (ICC2,1) was calculated to assess test–retest reliability between two weeks. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC) were calculated. Convergent validity was determined by correlating Urdu CAIT with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) using Spearman’s correlation co-efficient. Factor analysis describes the structure of underlying factors. Results Content validity index was > 0.80 of each question. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.75). Convergent validity with FAOS total score showed a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.68) with U-CAIT and negatively correlated with subscales of FAOS. Test–retest reliability was excellent ICC2,1 > 0.80. Scree plot showed 3 factors > 1eigen value. Conclusion The Urdu version of CAIT is a valid and reliable assessment tool for patients with chronic ankle instability. It has good content validity, construct validity and reliability.
Background: Achilles tendinopathy is highly prevalent and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. The multiple minor traumas can lead to achilles tendinopathy. Physical therapy treatment includes soft tissue mobilization and exercises. Objective: To compare ultrasound and transverse friction massage in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Methodology: The study was a randomized control trial from 1st March 2019 to 15th August 2019. The non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to include n=76 patients having pain and activity limitation of Achilles tendon and randomly allocated into groups A and B by lottery method. The outcome measuring tools were numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) for pain, the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment- Achilles questionnaire (VISA-A) for severity and goniometry for ROM. The Group A was treated with transverse friction massage and the group B was treated with ultrasound therapy. Both groups also performed eccentric exercises. The assessment was done at the baseline on the 1st session, at end of the 9th and 18th session. The data was analysed by SPSS 23 using independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results of RM-ANOVA with pairwise comparison showed that both groups improve significantly (p<0.05) throughout the treatment duration with large effect size for all variables. While comparing the groups with independent t-test, TFM group showed more improvement in all variables as compared to UST group (p<0.05) after 3rd week as well as after 6th week of intervention. Conclusion: The Transverse friction massage (TFM) was more effective than ultrasound therapy (UST) when combined with eccentric exercises in improving pain severity of tendinopathy and ROM of ankle. Keywords: Achilles tendon, eccentric exercises, pain stretching, myofascial release, ultrasonic therapy, tendinopathy.
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