The aim of this paper is to research the mineralogical and structural properties of Karaçeva bentonite, as well as to determine that how acid activation changes the structural and mineralogical properties of bentonite. From the obtained results was found that Karaçeva bentonite contains montmorillonite as the main mineral, accompanied by other minerals, such ilit, quartz, feldspar, dollomite and calcite. The natural bentonite fractions with a particle size smaller than 2 µm are characterized by increased montmorillonite content and reduction of quartz content. The results of diffractometric and thermogravimetric measurements shows that the Karaçeva bentonite contains very little calcite and dollomite.The diffractometric studies has shown that the basic activation of these bentonites has not resulted in any change in their mineral composition. Acid activation, has changed the structural and mineralogical properties of Karaçeva bentonite.
The most potential pollutants of the river Sitnica with phenols, heavy metals, and other physicochemical indicators are Kishnica Mine, Ferronikel, surface coal mines, Kosovo Energy Corporation, landfill with industrial waste in Mitrovica, landfills and urban discharges, etc. The purpose of this work is to investigate the degree of pollution and to determine the ecological status of the Sitnica River. Although the focus of our research is the phenol pollution of the waters of the river Sitnica. During our research we have analyzed physicochemical parameters with contemporary analytical techniques, applying the standard determination methods. The parameters that have been analyzed are temperature, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation, total matter suspended, NH4+, PO43-, SO42-, Cl-, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, N-NH4, NO3-, NO2-, PO4-P, TP. The results obtained and presented in tabular form and compared with the reference values, reflect enormous pollution with phenols, at the maximum rate of 1.137 mg/L and other physicochemical pollutants. Based on the findings from the conducted experiments, the water of the river Sitnica is categorized in waters with a poor ecological status.
Pollution caused by the discharge of wastewater into the Lepenc river basin is diverse and directly affects the quality of life of the inhabitants of this area. This paper aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of pollution from wastewater discharges, build the water balance of the entire basin, and identify the risk to human life due to lack of drinking water. From the hydrological point of view, the Lepenc river basin is divided into sub-basins, and the results obtained by experimental measurements show that wastewater pollution varies from one sub-basin to another and depends on the amount and origin of wastewater. Combined analysis of the available amount of water and the need for clean water, which is based on parameters that are out of the water balance below the water stress limit, the need for wastewater treatment is a necessity and that continuous water discharge of contaminants in the water basin is unacceptable or in other words very dangerous. The results showed that some analyzed parameters are outside the acceptable limits for drinking water such as TSS with values above 75 mg/L, BOD5 with values up to 9.42 mg/L, NH+4 up to 9.48 mg/L, and PO3-4 up to 1.76 mg/L. On the other hand, the waters of the Lepenci river basin had low heavy metal pollution during the observed period. Therefore, routine monitoring of wastewater in the Lepenc Basin is recommended to prevent the risk of pollution of the basin.
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