Diabetic patients may suffer from a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders that can cause pain and some dysfunctions in the patient and affect the treatment negatively or reduce the quality of life by causing problems in the implementation of exercise programs, which are very important in the treatment of patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Although most of these problems are also seen in non-diabetics, they are more frequently observed but are not specific to diabetics. Their physiopathology is not fully understood; there is some evidence suggesting that macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes are responsible. A diagnosis of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in diabetic patients is made by clinical findings, and there is currently no specific treatment. If the treatment of problems requires corticosteroid use, diabetes can be hard to manage. In this review, we summarized the general features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of frequent and important musculoskeletal disorders in diabetic patients.
Objective: Leptin (LEP) is a metabolic and neuroendocrine hormone which is present in the circulation in amounts proportional to fat mass that acts to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure thereby regulating body weight homeostasis. Various polymorphisms are shown to be present in LEP gene which play important roles in obesity and obesity-related metabolic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of one of these polymorphisms, leptin gene G-2548A polymorphism, on obesity in association with body mass index (BMI), lipid parameters, plasma leptin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).Methods: The study included 110 obese and 90 non-obese subjects. The LEP G-2548A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction -restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma leptin levels, serum lipid and antropometric parameters were measured.Results: No association was found between LEP gene G-2548A polymorphism and BMI in both study and control groups. Strikingly study group with obese subjects and with the AA genotype had significantly higher serum total cholesterol (p<0.05) than GA and GG genotypes. In obese group, subjects with the AA genotypes had significantly higher leptin (p<0.05) levels than the GG and GA genotypes.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the LEP gene G-2548A polymorphism may not be considered as a genetic risk factor for obesity in Turkish Cypriot population. However, the G-2548A polymorphism appear to be important in regulating leptin and total cholesterol levels in obese group through leptin gene expression and signaling.
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