Fasting and postprandial gallbladder volumes were investigated using ultrasonography in three groups (10 subjects in each) of healthy women: third trimester pregnant women, postpartum women up to 10 days after giving birth and nonpregnant controls. The scans were performed at 09:00 after a 12 h fast. After the basal measurement was taken, gallbladder volumes were rescanned in 15 min intervals for 60 mins. At the end of this period, all volunteers received a standard liquid test meal, and scans were performed again for 1 h. The mean basal gallbladder volume was 22.2+/-4.2 mL in the nonpregnant (control) group. In the third trimester group, the basal volume was 37.8+/-10.5 mL -70.5% higher than in the nonpregnant group (P<0.001). In the postpartum group, the mean basal volume was 37.9% lower (27.4+/-6.5 mL) than that of the third trimester group (P<0.02). This basal volume was 23.6% greater than that of the control group (P<0.05). After administration of a test meal, the postprandial gallbladder volumes decreased during the first few minutes compared with baseline values. The volumes decreased by 10.2% to 39.8% (23.5+/-7.3 to 34.0+/-10.2; P<0.01) in the third trimester group, by 14.9% to 43.2% (16.6+/-4.3 to 23.3+/-5.5; P<0.01, 0.001) in the postpartum group and by 19.2% to 51.6% (11.9+/-3.5 to 17.9+/-3.6; P<0.02, 0.05, 0.01, 0.001) in the control group. Postprandial mean gallbladder volumes of the third trimester (P<0. 02) and postpartum groups (P<0.02 to 0.01) were significantly different from those of the control group. In conclusion, incomplete emptying of the gallbladder after eating during the third trimester of pregnancy may contribute to cholesterol-gallstone formation, and pregnancy may thus increase the risk of gallstones.
ÖZBu çalışmanın temel amacı özellikle duygusal emek harcama ihtimali yüksek olan öğretmenlerin bazı değişkenler açısından tükenmişlik duygusu düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve tükenmişliğin alt faktörleri olan kişisel başarı, duyarsızlaşma ve duygusal tükenme alt boyutlarının hangisinin daha yoğun olarak hissedildiğinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda literatürde en fazla kullanılan ölçek olan Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği (MTÖ) Batman ilinde ilk, orta ve lise düzeyinde eğitim veren okullarda çalışan öğretmenlere yöneltilerek veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verile SPSS 25,0 istatistiksel ve AMOS.v24 analiz paket programları kullanılarak yaş, çalışma süresi, branş ve mesleki kıdem süresi gibi değişkenler yönünden karşılaştırmalı analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.
A B S T R A C TThe main purpose of this study is to determine the level of burnout sense of teachers in terms of some variables and to determine which of the sub-dimensions of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal achievement are felt more intensively. For this purpose, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which is the most commonly used scale in the literature, was directed to the teachers working in primary, secondary and high school education schools in Batman province. Using SPSS 25.0 statistical and AMOS.v24 analysis package programs, comparative analyzes were performed for variables such as age, working time, branch and duration of professional experience.
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