BackgroundThe traditional knowledge about plants and their uses in Turkey is disappearing in recent years because the new generations of villagers migrate to big cities for a better life. Afyonkarahisar located at the intersection of roads and phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Iran-Turan, and Euro-Siberian) has more than 2500 plant species. This richness of plant diversity promotes the indigenous commuity for the traditional use of wild plants. The aim of the study is to show wild plants’ ethnobotanical usages associated with medicinal, food, fodder, and household goods in 31 settlements within the boundaries of Afyonkarahisar province.MethodsThe ethnobotanical data were collected from 46 informants by means of semi-structured interviews from 2012 to 2014. Ethnobotanical uses of plants of the study area were conducted in the vicinity of Afyonkarahisar (5 districts, 8 towns, 15 villages, and 3 neighborhood centers).ResultsOne hundred and thirty plant taxa belonging to 39 families were recorded and collected. Hundred and seventy-eight different uses of these plants were documented and used generally for medicinal (84), food (68), fodder (16), household goods (3), dyes (3), handicrafts (3) and religious (1).ConclusionThis study provides interesting uses of plants in the local community of Afyonkarahisar and its surrounding area, in what purpose they make use of plants, how they make use of them and obtained results will contribute to economy of villagers. Since the local people, especially in villages, are poor and do not have health care, they use the plants to treat illnesses, food, fodder, household goods and other uses (evil eye). Also this study will light the way for posterity for next generations.

This paper presents a fully Bayesian way to solve the simultaneous localization and spatial prediction problem using a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) model. The objective is to simultaneously localize robotic sensors and predict a spatial field of interest using sequentially collected noisy observations by robotic sensors. The set of observations consists of the observed noisy positions of robotic sensing vehicles and noisy measurements of a spatial field. To be flexible, the spatial field of interest is modeled by a GMRF with uncertain hyperparameters. We derive an approximate Bayesian solution to the problem of computing the predictive inferences of the GMRF and the localization, taking into account observations, uncertain hyperparameters, measurement noise, kinematics of robotic sensors, and uncertain localization. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by simulation results as well as by experiment results. The experiment results successfully show the flexibility and adaptability of our fully Bayesian approach in a data-driven fashion.

BackgroundTar is one example of a plant product used in folk medicine and it is obtained from Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, which is very common in the West Anatolian Region. Old trees that are good for kindling and have thick trucks are preferred to obtain tar. Tar is used not only as traditional medicine but also for protection against both endoparasites and ectoparasites. The objective of this study was to record the traditional method of obtaining tar and its usages in Afyonkarahisar which is located in the Western Anatolian Region of Turkey.MethodsIn order to record the traditional methods of obtaining tar, we visited the villages of Doğlat, Kürtyurdu and Çatağıl in Afyonkarahisar (Turkey) June-July, 2012. Ethnobotanical data about the method of collection and traditional usages of tar were obtained through informal interviews with 26 participants (16 men and 10 women). Data concerning the method of tar collection and its traditional usages were recorded and photographed.ResultsThe traditional method for obtaining tar from Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana by local people was recorded and the local usages (curing ear pain in children, osteomyelitis, wounds, ulcers, eczema, acne, alopecia, fungus, foot-and-mouth disease in animals, mouth sores in sheep and goats, protection against endo- and ectoparasites, repellent for snakes, mice, flies (Tabanus bovinus) and ticks, and the prevention of water leakage from roofs) of tar are described.ConclusionIn this study, the traditional method for obtaining tar and the traditional usages of tar are explained. Documentation of the method of obtaining tar and its traditional usages may contribute to scientific research on the benefits and usages of tar in medicine, veterinary medicine, as well as other fields.

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XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında gelişmeye başlayan Türk-İtalyan ilişkileri, İtalya’nın izlemeye başladığı sömürgecilik politikası kapsamında Türk egemenliğinde olan Trablusgarp, On İki Ada ve Güneybatı Anadolu’yu işgaliyle sorunlu ve güvensiz bir döneme girmiştir. 1922 yılında iktidara gelen Mussolini, Akdeniz yönünde yayılmacılık politikası izlemeye başlamış, adaları silahlandırmış, adalardaki Türk nüfusu İtalyanlaşmaya ve göçe zorlamıştır. Türk hükümeti de uluslararası hukuk kuralları çerçevesinde adalardaki Türklerin hak ve çıkarlarını savunmaya çalışmıştır. Mussolini yönetimi, oluşan uluslararası yeni konjonktürün etkisiyle 1926 yılından itibaren Doğu Akdeniz’de ittifak arama politikasına yönelince iki ülke ilişkileri normalleşmeye başlamıştır. On İki Ada, Anadolu sahilleri ve diğer konularda ikili ilişkiler geliştirilmeye çalışılmış, iki ülkeyi doğrudan ilgilendiren karasularının sınırlandırılması, adacıkların egemenlik tanımlarının yapılması, sahil kaçakçılığının önlenmesi, adli yardımlaşma, suçluların iadesi, ticaret, tediye ve kliring konularında antlaşmalar yapılmış ve konsolosluk sözleşmesi imzalanmıştır. Bu bildiri metninde, Atatürk’ün izlemiş olduğu yurtta ve dünyada barış politikası çerçevesinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin İtalya konusunda izlediği politika incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.