In addition to the traditional production factors, one of the most needed production input in the production process is energy. In particular, it is rather high the use of traditional or primary energy sources in the production process. The aim of this study is to predict the translog production function including energy consumption for Turkey. For the analysis, it was utilized GDP, labor, capital, natural gas, oil and coal data for 1982-2014 period. The prediction was made by the Ridge Regression method. Findings show that the elasticity of substitution between inputs is distributed at 1 level. Elasticities of output followed a positive course throughout the period covered.
İnternet kullanımındaki hızlı gelişmeler ile birlikte, insan hayatına fiziksel olarak dahil olan para da dijitalleşmeye başlamıştır. Bu tür dijitalleşmiş para birimlerine genel olarak kripto para denilmektedir. Hali hazırda, Bitcoin, kripto para birimleri arasında en yüksek işlem hacmine sahiptir. İlk Bitcoin 2009 yılında piyasaya sürüldü. Fakat son birkaç yılda ciddi derecede ilgi çekmeye başladı. Bu ilginin temel nedenlerinden birisi, Bitcoin'in değerinde önemli artışların olmasıdır. Söz konusu değer artışları bağlamında, Bitcoin piyasasında spekülatif balonların varlığının araştırılması önem arzetmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı 2015-2018 dönemi boyunca Bitcoin piyasasında spekülatif balonların varlığını araştırmaktır. Amaç doğrultusunda, spekülatif balonların tespiti için Phillips vd. (2015) tarafından geliştirilen Genelleştirilmiş Eküs ADF testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular,Bitcoin piyasasında çok sayıda baloncuk olduğunu göstermektedir.
An increase in health expenditures positively affects of economic growth by increasing lifetime, life expectancy and quality of life of individuals. From this point of view, in this paper the relationship between health expenditures per capita and GDP per capita in 10 Eurasian countries (including Turkey) during 1995-2014 period was investigated. Firstly, Pesaran et al. (2008) cross-section dependency test was applied. After that, Hadri & Kurozumi (2012) Panel Unit Root Test, Westerlund & Edgerton (2007) Panel Cointegration Test and Dumitrescu & Hurlin (2012) Panel Causality Test were applied. The results indicate that there exists bidirectional causality between per capita health expenditures and per capita GDP..
The level of economic income, population density and sources of energy supply is critical in assessing environmental quality. Recent empirical studies paid limited attention to the role of renewable (RE) and fossil energy (NRE) supply in carbon pollution regarding the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis (EKC). Therefore, this study investigates the asymmetric relationships between carbon emissions and energy sources on the one hand and the environmental Kuznets hypothesis on the other hand for OECD countries, comprising countries with significant renewable energy supplies. The study includes the annual data from 1990 to 2021 and performs panel non-linear ARDL regression. The empirical results clearly show that RE and NRE have asymmetric effects on emissions in the long run but not in the short run. Both positive and negative shocks in RE reduce CO2 emissions in OECD economies, while asymmetric shocks in NRE substantially increase them. Increasing RE supply is clearly effective in reducing emissions. However, unlike most previous studies, this study shows that RE does not significantly reduce CO2 emissions in OECD countries. The error correction term (ect.) in the NARDL model is negative and significant. The magnitude of the term indicates that the system will return to long-term equilibrium about 4.2 years after any shock. Furthermore, we show that the EKC Hypothesis is supported in OECD countries. The turning point of the EKC is at $4085.77 per capita. Besides, regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator approach were used for robustness checks. The findings from the robustness check are consistent with the NARDL findings. Policies based on the promotion of a low-carbon and sustainable green environment should place greater emphasis on renewable resources even in OECD countries. Moreover, while many studies in the literature address asymmetric effects and EKC as energy consumption or utilisation, the novelty of this study is that it approaches the issue regarding energy supply with asymmetric effects for RE and NRE.
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