Composite materials which are reinforced with 3D warp interlock fabrics have outstanding mechanical properties such as higher delamination resistance, ballistic damage resistance and impact damage tolerance by means of their improved structural properties. Textile reinforcements are exposed to large deformations in the production stage of composite materials which have complex shape. Although good formability properties of 3D warp interlock fabrics in forming process were already proven by recent studies, further information is needed to elucidate forming behaviours of multi-layer fabrics which is produced with high stiffness yarns like carbon. In this study, 3D warp interlock carbon fabrics were produced on a prototype weaving loom and the same carbon yarn was used in two fabric directions with equal number of yarn densities. Fabrics were differentiated with regard to the presence of stuffer warp yarn, weave pattern and parameters of binding warp yarn which are angle and depth. Therefore, the effect of fabric architecture on the mechanical and formability properties of 3D warp interlock carbon fabrics could be clarified. Three different breaking behaviours of fabrics were detected and they were correlated with crimp percentages of yarn groups. In addition, the bending and shear deformations were analysed in view of parameters of fabric architectures. Two distinct forming behaviours of fabrics were determined according to the distribution of deformation areas on fabrics. Moreover, the optimal structure was identified for forming process considering the fabric architecture.
Man–made fibers like carbon or glass are main components for fiber-reinforced polymer composites thanks to their high strength and stiffness values. However, man-made fibers are not eco-friendly and can hardly be recycled in the nature. Using a high amount of man-made fibers threatens our nature and poses a significant risk for the future of world. Natural fiber reinforced composite (NFRC) is considered as a good alternative for traditional composites. Therefore, NFRC has been examined to develop materials, which have comparable mechanical properties with the man-made fiber reinforced composites, for last decades. Although lots of studies were carried out on the mechanics of NFRC, a few of them focused on the structural design of reinforcement and their effects on composites performance. In this study, the number of weft densities of reinforcements were differentiated and their effects on the mechanical properties of composites were investigated. Fabrics were produced from flax yarns and composites were manufactured by vacuum assisted resin infusion molding method. The tensile, compression, shear and impact tests were carried out to characterize the manufactured composites. Results show that while increasing number of weft density of reinforcement improves the tensile and compressive strength of NFRC in the weft direction, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of composites in the warp direction were characterized by the crimp percentage values of warp yarns. Moreover, it was determined that the number of weft density in the reinforcement affect the contact force and energy absorption capacity of NFRC.
Purpose
The main purpose of this work is to explore the erosion wear characteristics of additively manufactured aluminium alloy. Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing, is the process of manufacturing a part designed in a computer environment using different types of materials such as plastic, ceramic, metal or composite. Similar to other materials, aluminum alloys are also exposed to various wear types during operation. Production efficiency needs to be aware of its reactions to wearing mechanisms.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, quartz sands (SiO2) assisted with oxide ceramics were used in the slurry erosion test setup and its abrasiveness on the AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy material produced by the 3D printer as selective laser melting (SLM) technology was investigated. Quartz was sieved with an average particle size of 302.5 µm, and a slurry environment containing 5, 10 and 15% quartz by weight was prepared. The experiments were carried out at the velocity of 1.88 (250 rpm), 3.76 (500 rpm) and 5.64 m/s (750 rpm) and the impact angles 15, 45 and 75°.
Findings
With these experimental studies, it has been determined that the abrasiveness of quartz sand prepared in certain particle sizes is directly related to the particle concentration and particle speed, and that the wear increases with the increase of the concentration and rotational speed. Also, the variation of weight loss and surface roughness of the alloy was investigated after different wear conditions. Surface roughness values at 750 rpm speed, 10% concentration and 75° impingement angle are 0.32 and 0.38 µm for 0 and 90° samples, respectively, with a difference of approximately 18%. Moreover, concerning a sample produced at 0°, the weight loss at 250 rpm at 10% concentration and 45° particle impact angle is 32.8 mg, while the weight loss at 500 rpm 44.4 mg, and weight loss at 750 rpm is 104 mg. Besides, the morphological structures of eroded surfaces were examined using the scanning electron microscope to understand the wear mechanisms.
Originality/value
The researchers verified that this specific coating condition increases the slurry wear resistance of the mentioned steel. There are many studies about slurry wear tests; however, there is no study in the literature about the quartz sand (SiO2) assisted slurry-erosive wear of AlSi10Mg alloy produced with AM by using SLM technology. This study is needed to fill this gap in the literature and to examine the erosive wear capability of this current material in different environments. The novelty of the study is the use of SiO2 quartz sands assisted by oxide ceramics in different concentrations for the slurry erosion test setup and the investigations on erosive wear resistance of AlSi10Mg alloy manufactured by AM.
Hybridizing man-made fiber composites with natural fibers has been chosen for numerous structural or semi-structural applications over the last several decades. Even though several studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical properties of inter-ply hybrid composites, the effects of hybridization on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of hybrid composites still need to be clarified. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites at low temperatures are another significant matter to be elucidated. In this study, E-glass and flax yarns were used to produce woven fabrics to obtain intra-and interply hybrid composites. They were then subjected to the quasi-static indentation test at À30 C, 25 C, and 60 C. It was concluded that, according to the hybridization type, an improvement or decrease can be obtained in the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The contact force and energy absorption properties of pure glass composite could be increased at 8.88% and 3.87% proportions respectively, thanks to the intra-ply hybrid composite-1 in the study. Furthermore, the through-thickness properties and damage mechanisms of hybrid composites were profoundly affected by the temperature.
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