Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury. This study investigated the effects of captopril (CAP), telmisartan (TEL) and bardoxolone methyl (BM) in animals with renal IR injury. Adult male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into six groups: control, vehicle, IR, IR with CAP, IR with TEL and IR with BM. Before IR was induced, drugs were administered by oral gavage. After a 60-min ischemia and a 120-min reperfusion period, bilateral nephrectomies were performed. Serum urea, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels, tissue total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured. Tissue mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ɣ (PPAR-ɣ), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were analyzed. In addition, renal tissues were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. All tested drugs reduced renal damage, apoptosis, urea, creatinine, NGAL, TOS, nitric oxide (NO) and ADMA levels, NF-κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expressions (P < 0.001). All tested drugs increased SOD activity, GSH-Px activity, TAS levels, TT levels, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAHs) expression, Nrf2 expression and PPAR-ɣ expression (P < 0.001, P < 0.003). These results suggest that CAP, TEL and BM pretreatment could reduce renal IR injury via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

Background. Bone metabolism is a complex system, and fracture healing is one of its most important functions. Many circumstances can influence this process. Chronic drug use in elderly populations can affect bone healing, and inadequate tissue perfusion, increased free radicals and adverse drug effects can negatively influence fracture healing. Nebivolol, an anti-hypertensive drug that selectively blocks β1 receptors, effectively reduces blood pressure by inducing peripheral vasodilation. Nebivolol also exerts anti-oxidant effects by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Many studies show that NO protects the vascular endothelium and improves fracture healing.

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The lingual localization of an enteric duplication is extremely rare but may present with respiratory and feeding problems that require emergency intervention. A 7-month-old boy was brought to our clinic with feeding difficulties and tongue swelling. Physical examination showed a cystic lesion located near the left side of the tongue base that caused tongue protrusion to the contralateral side. During surgery, a 3-cm diameter opaque thick-walled cyst was found to be very closely adherent to the base of tongue, which was excised in its entirety. Following surgery, the patient fed during the early postoperative period and no complications were observed other than hypersalivation. On histological examination, a cystic lesion lined with intestinal mucosa and goblet cells was found. We present the rare case of a duplication cyst of the posterior tongue, with a literature review.

Introduction. Surgeon has significant role in the management of such rare and controversial clinical entities related to thyroid gland. In this case report we have presented an elderly patient with rapid enlargement in thyroid that was related to carcinosarcoma. Case Presentation. A 60-year-old lady was presented with rapid enlargement of the thyroid gland. A fine needle aspiration of the nodule in right lobe was performed several weeks before presentation to our clinic. End diagnosis was a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with spindle cell component. Thus the nodule was recognized to be a carcinosarcoma. Conclusion. Thyroid surgery merits a multidisciplinary approach. Indeed the surgeon should make a conclusive decision in some controversial and rare clinical entities such as carcinosarcoma.