IntroductionTurkey is located in the Mediterranean climate zone. It has unique climatic and topographic diversities and influences due to its location; to geographic features, such as the Toros Mountains and Anatolian plateau; and to weather influences from the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. In Turkey, there is an abundance of mountains that exceed permanent snow lines, especially in the eastern Black Sea and eastern Anatolia regions, with many of these mountains encompassing active glaciers. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) in the Quaternary glacier periods was between 2200 and 2400 m in the coastal regions and western Anatolia, and this threshold line significantly increases in the interior of the Anatolian plateau, with the lowest elevation at 3000 m and the highest at 3200 m (Figure 1). The present ELA and permanent snow lines on the north-facing slope (seaward slope) of the Rize Mountains and a section of the eastern Black Sea mountain range is 3100-3200 m. In the southern region of the country, the Taurus mountain range extends this line to 3400-3500 m. The wide range of the ELA is primarily due to continentality in the interior regions of Turkey; the ELA rises from west to east starting with an elevation of approximately 3500 m in central

Assessing the spatial land use and land cover (LULC) information is essential for decision making and management of landscapes. In fact, LULC information has been changed dramatically in fast-growing cities. This results in wrong land use problems due to unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization. The planning and evaluating of limited natural resources under the pressure of a growing population can be possible when a precise land use management plan is established. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor continuous LULC changes for future planning. Remote sensing (RS) technique is used for determining changes in LULC in urban areas. In this study, we have focused on Izmit, which is one of a growing number of metropolitan cities where the impact of the spatial growing period on LULC has been assessed over the past 30 years by using RS data. We have utilized the segmentation process and supervised classification of Landsat satellite images for four different dates (1985, 1995, 2005, and 2015). The outcome of this research can be summarized by significant changes in the shares of urban areas and farmland LULC classes. The overall observed increase in urban area class is up to 2177 ha between 1985 and 2015 period and this dramatic change has resulted in the decline of 1211 ha of farmland. Another conclusion is that the new residential areas have been created to the north, south and east of Izmit during this period.

Türkiye'nin önemli göl havzalarından biri olan Sapanca Gölü Havzası 1990'lı yılların başlarına kadar kırsal niteliği ile öne çıkmakta iken günümüzde şehirsel faaliyetlerin yoğun olarak yaşandığı bir havza haline gelmiştir. Sapanca Gölü güneyinden TEM otoyolunun geçmesi ile birlikte hız kazanan şehirsel faaliyetlere ek olarak havzanın turizm açısından bir cazibe merkezi haline gelmiş olması havzanın arazi örtüsü ve kullanım yapısında önemli değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Havzada yer alan şehirsel ve kırsal yerleşmelerin genişlemesi, ikinci konut ve turistik tesis yapımının artması havzanın taşıma kapasitesini zorlamakta ve doğal ortamın tahrip edilmesine yol açmaktadır.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which was first discovered in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in China, spread from this city in a short time to almost the entire world and turned into a global-level disaster, is a pandemic that has influenced the entire world. Many geographical factors have been and are being effective in the distribution and prevalence of the disease. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor and manage the process, allowing spatial tracking of thousands of cases around the world. GIS may present the mapping and clustering of diseases with different spatial modelling methods. With the developments in internet technologies in recent years, the studies have been transferred to the internet environment and have gained the opportunity to reach many users at the same time. In this study, web maps and web applications were developed, and a platform was designed to present data related to the Covid-19 pandemic by associating it with the space. Turkey via the web-based applications compared to a variety of statistical data in particular has been targeted to be published instantly. The first pillar of the study consisted of database design, data production and thematic map design, while the second pillar of the study involved broadcast of web services, production of web maps and the web GIS aspect where web and mobile applications were designed. The COVID-19 Global Monitoring Panel application is an end product of a holistic system with data updating and currency, a database, GIS service architecture and web interface. The most unique aspect of the study is presentation of the human-space relationship specifically for Turkey. The application allows instantaneous monitoring of the cur-Aralık 2019'da ilk defa Çin'in Wuhan şehrinde tespit edilen ve bu şehirden kısa sürede yayılan ve küresel çapta bir afet haline dönüşen Covid-19 pandemisi tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan salgın bir hastalıktır. Hastalığın dağılış ve yayılışında birçok coğrafi faktör etkili olmuş ve olmaktadır. Sürecin izlenmesi ve yönetilmesinde dünya üzerindeki binlerce vakanın mekânsal takibinin yapılabilmesini sağlayan Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) kullanılmaktadır. CBS, hastalıkların haritalanması ve kümelenmesini farklı mekânsal modelleme yöntemleri ile ortaya koyabilmektedir. Son yıllarda internet teknolojilerinde meydana gelen gelişmeler ile birlikte yapılan çalışmalar internet ortamına aktarılarak çok sayıda kullanıcıya aynı anda ulaştırılabilme imkânına kavuşmuştur. Bu çalışmada da web haritaları ve web uygulamaları geliştirilmiş, Covid-19 pandemisi ile ilgili verilerin mekân ile ilişkilendirilerek sunulduğu bir platform tasarlanmıştır. Türkiye özelinde çeşitli istatistiksel verilerle karşılaştırılarak web tabanlı uygulamalar üzerinden anlık olarak yayınlanması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk ayağını veri tabanı tasarımı, veri üretimi ile tematik haritaların tasarlanması; ikinci ayağını ise web servislerinin yayınlanması, web haritalarının üretilmesi ile web ve mobil uygulamaların tasarlandığı web CBS tarafı oluşturmaktadır...

The Digital World has become the most significant platform for spreading the written and visual documents about cultural and historical heritages in accordance with the recent developments on web based technologies. All kind of digital platforms are the primary tools to transfer local values to global scale. Nevertheless, it is not possible to say that these technological opportunities are efficiently used to promote museums keeping the inheritance and memory of societies. The aim of this study is to create a virtual museum platform including all kind of written and visual materials by 3D game technologies. Hagia Sophia has been selected as the case study area of this study and digitally reconstructed to use in the project. Unity game engine has been used in the study to prepare the application where people are capable to see and interactively walk through the Hagia Sophia in a digital environment. As a result of the study, a virtual museum platform working on Windows, Mac, Ios, Android, VR and similar digital platforms has been built.