Aim: Swarming motility is a virulence factor for Proteus mirabilis and is a coordinated multicellular movement of bacteria. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of hyperthermia on bacterial swarming motility and antimicrobial resistance. Methods: Thirty-one P. mirabilis isolates were included in the study. Seven inoculated agar plates were incubated inside incubators with increasing temperature levels: at 36 C (control) and 40-45 C. On the next day, inhibition of swarming was evaluated and minimum paralyzing temperature (MPT) values were determined. An antimicrobial susceptibility test (antibiogram) is performed by exposing bacteria to increasing concentrations of antibiotics, in vitro. Thus, we used the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test as a screening method to analyze the antibiogram profiles of the isolates at 36 C and 42 C. Finally, a time-kill assay was performed to analyze the killing effect of hyperthermia (42 C) on planktonic bacteria, in combination with the antibiotic meropenem at the first and third hours. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the killing effects of meropenem, hyperthermia and their combinations. Results: The median MPT value was determined as 44 C. In the disk diffusion assay, susceptibility development was observed in 94% of isolates for at least one antibiotic. In the time-kill assay, we observed a significant killing effect of hyperthermia in combination with meropenem. Under the microscope, we observed the formation of spherical cells by the effect of heat. Conclusion:We conclude that these findings might be useful when employing the hyperthermia method to treat infectious diseases caused by P. mirabilis in the future.
Sphingomonas paucimobilis is an aerobic, nonfermentative, opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli, and can be found in water systems. This study was conducted for analyzing concurrent S. paucimobilis bacteraemia cases and treatment outcomes, investigation of potential outbreak sources, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. This was an ambidirectional cohort study conducted in a 30-bed pediatric haematology/oncology hospital. Patient ages ranged from 1 to 17 years, with a median age of 5 years. Environmental sampling for outbreak source investigation was applied. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of isolated bacteria were done using the disk diffusion method and the Vitek®2 automated system. S. paucimobilis was detected in a total of 181 blood culture samples of 51 patients over two years and was isolated from hot tap water. 66% of patients were followed up with the diagnosis of Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and two of our patients with ALL died due to S. paucimobilis sepsis. S. paucimobilis isolates were generally susceptible to carbapenems and quinolones.Surveillance and epidemic control should be done for hospital-acquired infectious agents such as S. paucimobilis. Water distribution systems should be checked against colonizing agents at regular intervals.
Inflammation of the vagina and vulva caused by Candida is called vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Risk factors for VVC include pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, frequent oral sexual intercourse, and the use of tight synthetic underwear and systemic antibiotics. Candida albicans, which belongs to the normal flora of the vagina, is the most common cause of VVC. However, an increase in VVC episodes caused by non-albicans Candida species, including Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis, has been reported. In this study, a total of 100 Candida isolates obtained from patients with vaginitis symptoms were evaluated. The susceptibility of the Candida strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin was investigated using the reference broth microdilution method. Risk factors and demographic characteristics of the patients and the identified Candida species were also investigated. Among the 100 Candida strains isolated from vaginal samples, 47 (47%) were C. albicans, 43 (43%) C. glabrata, 5 (5%) C. kefyr, 2 (2%) C. krusei, 2 (2%) C. tropicalis and 1 (1%) was Candida guilliermondii. The incidences of Candida susceptibility to caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B were 75%, 35%, 27%, 80%, 97% and 100%, respectively. Also, there was a significant difference in antifungal susceptibility among patients belonging to certain risk groups, such as patients previously using antibiotics and recurrent cases. Prevalence of non-albicans Candida species and antifungal resistance, especially against azoles, are both increasing, and certain risk factors should be monitored strictly.
Introduction: Heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) testing is recommended when therapeutic failure is suspected in the clinics. In our research, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of hVISA among methicilline-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates in our university hospital and compared three methods for detection of hVISA. Methodology: One hundred MRSA clinical isolates were collected in our medical microbiology laboratory between 01.04.2018 and 01.10.2019. For screening of hVISA, we used two screening agar plates and used one commercial medium; brain heart infusion agar (BHI) plates containing 4 µg/mL vancomycin and 16 g/Lt casein (BHIA-VC; Satola’s test), BHI agar plates containing 4 µg/mLvancomycin (BHIAV), and commercially obtained vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar for detetection of hVISA. Colonies which could grow on plates were counted manually at 24th and 48th hours. Results: Among 100 MRSA isolates, 43 (43%) were found as hVISA using Satola’s test. BHIAV and VRE agar screening test results were found 70% and 4%, respectively. Finally, at the step, MIC values of 20 (47%) hVISA isolates reduced to 2 µg/mL after sub culturing for the gradient test. Conclusions: We found higher rates of hVISA comparing other studies in Turkey. Both VRE agar and BHIAV screening test failed to detect hVISA properly. Meropenem in combination with vancomycin inhibited the growth of 90% hVISA isolates in our study.
Background and objectives: The finding of Candida species in urine is an usual finding and is called candiduria. There is an increase in the frequency of urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Candida especially in critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and mycological characteristics of Candida urinary infections in intensive care unit (ICU) and antifungal susceptibilities. Methods: Urine cultures of 394 ICU patients with clinical suspicion of UTI were evaluated. After 24-48 hours of incubation, colonies appeared to grow as yeast, were morphologically examined by Gram staining. Candida strains that grew 104 ≥ CFU/mL in urine cultures were accepted as candiduria. The susceptibilities of the Candida strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine, and caspofungin were investigated with broth microdilution method. Results: The distribution of the isolated 100 urinary Candida strains were as, 54 Candida albicans, 34 C. glabrata, 7 C. tropicalis, 2 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae, and 1 as C. parapsilosis. Among 100 Candida species isolated in our study susceptibility rates of amphotericin B, flucytosine, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were 100%, 100%, 91%, 23%, 13%, 25.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Accurate identification of Candida spp., as well as the investigating the antifungal susceptibility, will be beneficial in terms of the effectiveness of the treatment and the prevention of resistance development.
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